Pharaohs and pyramids presentation. Presentation on the topic "Egyptian pyramids". mysterious signs - hieroglyphs

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Great pyramids. Giza

Egypt 2575 - 2465 BC e.

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The Cheops pyramid reaches a height of 146 meters. Its thickness was cut only by corridors leading to the burial chamber. The architect Khemiun supervised the construction of the Cheops pyramid.

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The pyramid itself required 20 years of work. She is square. Each side of it is 146.26 m and its height is the same size. The stones are polished and carefully fitted, each of them is not less than 9.24 m.

The architect Khemiun supervised the construction of the Cheops pyramid.

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Pharaoh Djoser's pyramid

Egypt 2630 - 2611 BC e.

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At the time of its construction, this structure was the largest in the world.

This tomb became a model of a burial structure, in which, according to the canons, three main tasks were solved: preserving the ashes of the deceased imperishable, preserving the tomb and feeding so that it could exist.

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The second pyramid of the complex belongs to the successor of Cheops - Pharaoh Khafren. The pyramid of Khafre was almost as high as the pyramid of Cheops. Its height was 143 meters, and the side length was 215 meters. Due to this ratio of height and length of the base, she seemed more slender. The base was faced with Assuan granite.

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Great Sphinx. Giza.

Egypt 2750 BC

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The Great Sphinx was erected simultaneously with the pyramid, for the pharaoh of the IV dynasty - Khafre (Khafre). The Sphinx is made in the form of a lying lion. His face reproduces the features of the pharaoh himself. In reality, the sphinx is an image of the sun god. In the direction where the Sun appears, and the Sphinx looks.

• On the head of the sphinx there is a striped royal shawl, above the forehead - urey - a sacred cobra. According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the cobra guarded kings and queens with its breath.
• The face of the sphinx was previously painted brick, and the stripes of the scarf were blue and red.
• It rises between two temples dedicated to the cult of this deity.
• When creating the sculpture, Egyptian craftsmen used the original shape of the limestone rock.

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Statue of Pharaoh Khafre, detail

Egypt 2500 BC e.

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In ancient Egypt, two types of images of royalty were developed. Sitting and standing. The portrait of Pharaoh Khafre belongs to the second type. This type is characterized by the articulation of all parts of the figure at right angles. The hands are usually folded at the hips or resting on the chest. The legs are parallel to the bare feet. The symmetry is perfect in this case.

Monarchs are depicted with a naked torso, dressed in a pleated skirt and with a head covered with a double crown of Lower and Upper Egypt.

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Pharaoh is depicted with his head protected by the spread wings of the god Horus, from whom he was believed to have descended. The torso forms a single block with the throne, and the arms are pressed to the torso.

Pharaoh statue carved from superhard diorite

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The son and heir of Khafren - Mikerin - owns the third pyramid. The tomb itself and the structures around it were not completed during the life of the pharaoh. Subsequently, his son finished them hastily. This was the last of the great pyramids.

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THE PYRAMIDS OF ANCIENT EGYPT

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PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT RIDDLES OF THE PYRAMIDS

HISTORY REFERENCE

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GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

PYRAMIDS OF DAHSHUR PYRAMIDS OF SAKKARA

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CRYSTAL OF PHARAOH SNOFRU

PLANETARY ENSEMBLE

WATER CONDENSERS

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The Pyramid of Cheops, also known as the Great Pyramid, was built by Pharaoh Khufu, son of Sneferu. Herodotus in his works called him Cheops, and this pharaoh ruled for about 23 years. Even in ancient times, the pyramid was striking in its grandiose size and rightfully found itself among the Seven Wonders of the World. For its construction, 2,300,000 limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons each were used, which amounted to 210 rows. The average height of the block was about 50 cm, but there were blocks up to 150 cm high. Oddly enough, they laid out the upper part of the pyramid.

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From the northern and southern walls of the burial chamber to the surface of the pyramid were narrow (20x20 cm) channels, not quite accurately called "ventilation tunnels". There were long discussions about their purpose, and recent studies by specialists from the German Archaeological Institute have shown that the canals have purely ritual functions: they help the pharaoh's soul to get to heaven by the shortest route. A similar ritual role was played by three chambers located vertically one above the other (underground, the queen's chamber and the pharaoh's chamber); previously believed that they arose due to changes in architectural project - however, this hypothesis was never confirmed.

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At the northern side of the pyramid there are two boat-shaped depressions where the pharaoh's boats stood, and three additional pyramids. The southern one was the burial place of Queen Henutsen, daughter of Sneferu and blood sister of Khufu, Meritethis is buried in the middle, and the third was built in honor of the mother of the pharaoh, Queen Heteferes, whose mine tomb was discovered a few dozen meters away by members of the expedition of Harvard University and Boston Museum under the leadership of George A. Reisner in 1925. Memorial items were found in the tomb, now on display in the Cairo Museum.

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The pyramid of Khafre, the fourth pharaoh of the IV dynasty, known from Greek sources as Khafre, is the second largest pyramid, slightly inferior in size to the pyramid of Khufu. However, built on a more elevated position and with more steeply sloping sides, it appears to be the tallest of the pyramids of Giza. Among the scientists of our time, it was discovered in 1818 by Giovanni Batista Belzoni, but it was already plundered in ancient times and in the 13th century. Of all the pyramids, only on it has been preserved a facing of white limestone, and even then at the very top.

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On the north side there are two entrances: the first is located at a height of 10 m, the other is at ground level, and through it current visitors enter the pyramid. The burial chamber contains a large granite sarcophagus and its lid. Apart from the inscription made by Belzoni and dated March 2, 1818, the date of its discovery, there are no other decorations on objects in the burial chamber.

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The word "sphinx" comes from the Egyptian expression "shesep ankh", which means "living idol", and this is how they call the sculpture of a deity with the body of a lion, the head of a man or an animal. The Sphinx, a 57 m long and 20 m high statue, represents the image of the pharaoh, which combines the power of man, god and lion. The Sphinx is close to the procession path and the lower temple of Khafre, the greatest statue builder of the pyramid era, who erected the Sphinx as part of his burial complex. The statue was cut directly from the limestone forming the Giza Plateau, part of the Mokatam Formation, which formed from marine sediments when northeast Africa was under water during the Eocene.

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The Great Sphinx is a symbol of Egypt, ancient and modern. Moreover, it is a historical image that has awakened the imaginations of poets and scientists, adventurers and tourists for centuries. However, in last years the sphinx began to threaten humanity with the possibility of its destruction. Stones have fallen from him twice over the past decade: in 1981, the lining flew off his left hind leg, and in 1988 he lost a large chunk of his right forearm. While experts are looking for a way out, the surface of the sphinx flakes and crumbles.

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According to legend, a stepped pyramid was erected for Mount Netherikhet, better known as Djoser, the first ruler from the III dynasty. The construction of the building was supervised by the architect Imhotep. The pyramid dominates all the surroundings and is located in the central zone of Saqqara. The layout of the Djoser pyramid, which originally had a height of about 60 m (now 58.7 m), was oriented in the east-west direction. At the entrance to the pyramid on the north side, the first known temple in history was built, where the cult of the deceased pharaoh was confessed, and around the pyramid there were premises associated with the rituals of the celebration of Cheb Sed.

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The pyramid of Unas, the last pharaoh of the 5th dynasty, is almost completely destroyed, all of its facing has disappeared, except for a few limestone slabs on the southern edge, which were returned to their places during restoration and on which a large hieroglyphic inscription remained, informing that Hemvaset, the high priest god Ptah in Memphis, restored the pyramid at the direction of his father Ramses II and returned it the name of Unas.

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Pepi I - the second ruler of the VI dynasty inherited Aunt from his father. He built a beautiful pyramid with a height of about 52 m, which was called "mennefer", which means "stable and perfect". Having distorted over time, this word turned into "memphis", and this is how the capital of the Old Kingdom is now called.

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In ancient times it was known by the name "Inebhej" or "White Wall". Most likely, it referred to the large dam built in this place of the river, or to the white color of the Tours limestone, from which the city walls were built.

Almost destroyed during numerous raids, this pyramid is of great interest due to the inscriptions on the walls of the burial premises.

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The pyramid of Pepi II, son of Merenre, was built strictly to the north of his father's pyramid and is the best preserved among the structures in this zone. To the east of the Pyramid of Pepi II, explored by Gustav Zhequier, is the satellite pyramid and a wonderful memorial temple, which is connected by a processional path to the temple in the valley.

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NORTHERN PYRAMID OF SNOFRU

SOUTH PYRAMID OF SNOFRU

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The northern pyramid of Sneferu, also known as the "red" pyramid, owes this color to the limestone from which it is built. Its ribs are inclined at an angle of 43 ° 22 ", which fully corresponds to the shape of the upper part of the" curved "pyramid."

The "red" pyramid, originally lined with slabs of white Tura limestone, due to which in ancient times it was called "the shining pyramid", remains the second largest after the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

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The southern pyramid turned out to be older than the northern pyramid and was the first not stepped, but real. The project was truly great, and if it were completed according to plan, the largest pyramid in Egypt would have been erected.

However, during construction, when the pyramid rose by two-thirds of the planned height, the architects suddenly decided to change the angle of inclination of the faces by almost 10 °, that is, from 54 ° 27 "44" "to 43 ° 22". Naturally, the total height of the pyramid decreased by 23.5 meters. Nevertheless, the "curved" pyramid remains to this day the fourth largest, yielding to the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and the "red" pyramid.

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The upper part of the pyramid has, as it were, its inverted twin, and together they formed a kind of octahedral crystal. Crystals of this type are called twinned or bipyramids in crystallography. The angle between the faces in the "crystal" of the compound pyramid of Sneferu is 43º19´ + 43º19´ \u003d 86º38´. The angle of inclination of the faces in the bipyramid is equal to the angle of the water molecule.

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The upper and lower vertices of the crystal correspond to the location of hydrogen atoms H in the water molecule, and the middle of the base side to the oxygen atom O. The Sneferu pyramid has two chambers, and they are located very strangely. The first of them is located at the level of the base of the pyramid, at the top of the lower part of the crystal at a depth of about 25 m. This arrangement of the chambers clearly indicates their connection with the energy of the crystal itself and with the entire pyramid as a whole. The shape of the pyramids is associated with the geometry of the Egyptian triangular standards, and therefore with the "golden ratio". The properties of pyramids are based on their crystal structure and crystal-like shape, as well as the energy that is present in crystals.

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For many millennia, ancient archives have been hiding from everyone the names of the architects of the outstanding pyramidal complexes located throughout the Earth. Some designed and built stepped pyramids, others were regular, with smooth edges, and others were spiral conical, but they all had one characteristic detail: next to the pyramid, as a rule, there was a pool of round or square shape filled with water. The heat capacity of stone and air varies greatly. The air warms up quickly under the sun's rays and quickly cools down after sunset. But the stone heats up slowly and cools down just as slowly. This is how the outer stones heat up under the sun, but the mass of stones inside the heap has a lower temperature. When streams of hot air, which always carry water vapor, penetrate the stone pile and come into contact with the surface of the cold stones, the vapor condenses. This is how water droplets are formed. They flow down, forming streams.

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Now it is not difficult to guess that the pyramids had pools of water for a reason. One of the many functions was the same as that of stone heaps: they also had the ability to condense water from the air. And many pyramids were probably specifically designed for just this purpose. Water is life! The real value of her is known to those who always feel her lack. This also applied to the Egyptians living on the eastern border of the Sahara. The pyramids provided water, the pools were filled with life-giving liquid, the groundwater near the pyramids stood close to the surface, They seemed to be attracted to the pyramids. And it is not surprising: after all, in its shape, a pyramid is a giant water molecule that attracts other water molecules to itself not only from the air, but also from underground.

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The fact that the Great Pyramids hide in themselves astronomical knowledge was hinted in the VI century BC. no less great Pythagoras. The lion was considered sacred because it represented the incarnate Sun. But the Great Sphinx with its figure and paws also looks like a lion. If the lion in the era of Leo on the day of the vernal equinox was associated with the Sun in the constellation Leo, then the Sphinx can be honored with the same honor. But if the Sphinx is the image of the Sun in the constellation Leo, then the pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mycerin may well be the "planets of the solar system."

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The sizes of the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre are about the same. The two planets also slightly differ from each other: Earth and Venus. The equatorial length of the Earth's diameter is only 360 km longer than the diameter of Venus. It turns out that the planet Earth corresponds to the Cheops pyramid, and Venus corresponds to the Chephren pyramid. The dimensions of the pyramid of Mikerin are almost half the size of the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre. The diameters of the Earth and Mars, Venus and Mars are in approximately the same ratio. This means that Mars corresponds to the pyramid of Mikerin. An additional confirmation of this is the fact that since ancient times Mars has been called the "red planet" for its characteristic red shine. This feature of Mars is reflected in the facing of the pyramid of Mikerin: earlier it was covered with red granite slabs. The closest to the Sphinx is the pyramid of Cheops. And in Solar system closest to the Sun is Mercury. But it is too small to compete with the Cheops pyramid. The next planet in the distance is Venus. So we got a completely unexpected version: Venus corresponds to the Cheops pyramid. Then the pyramid of Khafre corresponds to the Earth, and to the pyramid of Mikerin - Mars. All three planets belong to one terrestrial group.

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Why Venus (pyramid of Cheops) was more earth (pyramids of Khafre)? After all, modern data on the sizes of the planets suggest the opposite ... Maybe earlier Venus was really larger than the Earth? The question of a decrease or even an increase in the volume of planets over time is not fantastic. There are planets that are young and hot. Gradually cooling down, they constantly decrease in volume. The earth behaves more or less stable. It is not for nothing that life has existed on it for a long time. But this cannot be said about Venus. Maybe some 5-10 thousand years ago its volume really exceeded the volume of the Earth. Each of the three Great Pyramids has companions - small pyramids. At the pyramid of Cheops, the remains of three companions were preserved, and the foundation of the fourth was also discovered. The pyramid of Khafre has one, and Mikerin has three. If the Great Pyramids could symbolize the planets Venus, Earth and Mars, then their pyramidal companions are the satellites of these planets.

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