Who is above the engineer or category 1. Engineer category I (chemical technology) Job description. What do engineers do

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Design Engineer Career Formula / designer categories

Prices differ from the region of the Russian Federation.

Design engineer (no work experience)

Requirements:
... education - not lower than secondary
... PC - user
... knowledge of AutoCAD.

Duties:
... drawing objects, interiors
... work with a ready-made base of elements.

Salary: 20-25 thousand rubles

Design engineer III category

Requirements:

... knowledge and ability to use regulatory documents (SNiP, GOST)
... AutoCad, Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Outlook) - confident user
... work experience in design organizations.

Duties:
... participation in design
... fast execution of drawings of varying complexity.

Salary: 30-35 thousand rubles.

Design Engineer II Category

Requirements:
... specialized higher education
... experience in designing objects from 2 years


... work experience in engineering and technical positions replaced by specialists with higher professional education, at least 2 years.

Duties:
... development of schemes of organization and planning of the object
... construction of longitudinal and transverse profiles
... building cartograms
... calculation of the amount of work.

Salary: 39-45 thousand rubles.

Design engineer category I

Requirements:
... specialized higher education
... Experienced PC user: AutoCAD, MS Office (Word, Excel, Outlook), basic knowledge of AutoCAD Civil 3D
... mandatory knowledge and ability to use regulatory documents (SNiP, GOST)
... work experience as a design engineer of the II category at least 2 years.

Duties:
... resolution of technical issues on assigned objects throughout the entire design period, participation in the collection of initial data for design
... preparation of assignments for the development of design solutions
... ensuring compliance of the developed facilities and technical documentation with standards, specifications and other regulatory documents for design and construction, as well as assignments for their development
... verification of drawings made by design engineers of I-II categories
... implementation of normative control.

Salary: 50-60 thousand rubles.

Leading design engineer

Requirements:
... specialized higher education
... mandatory knowledge and ability to use regulatory documents (SNiP, GOST)
... experience in design, independent management of the facility from 3 years
... experience in the design of large facilities, protection of design solutions, interaction with customers and installation departments
... experience in coordinating projects in government regulatory bodies is desirable
... ownership of design packages (AutoCad - required)
... knowledge of equipment of domestic and foreign production.

Duties:
... project development
... development of commercial proposals, technical specifications
... development of specifications and commercial estimates
... supervision over the implementation of the designed facilities
... adherence to design deadlines.

Salary: 60-80 thousand rubles.

Chief Project Engineer

Requirements:
... higher professional education
... work experience as a chief project engineer or a leading project engineer for 1-3 years
... experience in designing large objects, passing examinations
... PC is a confident user
... knowledge of specialized programs, excellent knowledge of AutoCad.

Duties:
... management of the design team
... verification and approval of project documentation
... development of all stages of design
... architectural supervision of construction projects
... project management (full management)
... passing project expertise
... preparation of pre-project documentation
... project cost estimate
... supervising the project at all stages, monitoring the implementation of technical specifications, conducting field supervision
... negotiating with related, contracting and construction organizations; communication with customers.

Salary: from 70 thousand rubles

Chief Engineer

Requirements:
Must know:
... legislative and regulatory legal acts governing the production, economic and financial and economic activities of the enterprise, decrees of federal, regional and local government authorities
... organizational and administrative documents and regulatory materials of other bodies relating to the activities of the enterprise
... profile, specialization and features of the structure of the enterprise
... prospects for the technical, economic and social development of the industry and the business plan of the enterprise
... the procedure for drawing up and agreeing plans for the production and economic activities of the enterprise
... market methods of business and enterprise management
... the procedure for concluding and executing business and financial contracts
... economics and organization of production, labor and management.

Education, work experience: higher professional education and work experience in the specialty in managerial positions in the corresponding profile of the enterprise in the industry of the economy for at least 5 years.

Duties:
... determination of technical policy and directions of technical development of the enterprise
... management, in accordance with the approved business plans of the enterprise, the development of measures for the reconstruction and modernization of the enterprise, the prevention of the harmful effects of production on the environment, the careful use of natural resources, the creation of safe working conditions and the improvement of the technical culture of production
... organization of the development and implementation of plans for the introduction of new equipment and technology, organizational and technical measures, research and development work
... ensuring the effectiveness of design solutions, technical operation, repair and modernization of equipment
... control over compliance with design, design and technological discipline, rules and regulations on labor protection, safety, industrial sanitation and fire safety, requirements of environmental, sanitary authorities, as well as bodies exercising technical supervision
... timely preparation of technical documentation (drawings, specifications, technical conditions, technological maps)
... coordination of work on patent and inventive activity
... work to protect the priority of the implemented scientific and technical solutions, prepare materials for their patenting, obtain licenses and intellectual property rights
... organization of training and advanced training of workers and engineering and technical workers, ensuring continuous improvement of personnel training
... management of the activities of the technical services of the enterprise, monitoring the result of their work, the state of labor and production discipline in subordinate units.

Salary: from 90 thousand rubles

The horizontal growth of an engineer, as a rule, follows the path of development in the field of sales.

Material of the project Careerist.ru

In the old days, every student was well aware of the prestige and qualities of the work of an engineer. In our time, this profession remains in demand, but more economic positions and work related to information technology prevail. Nevertheless, the activity of an engineer remains important for the development of almost all industries and the economy of the country as a whole. It includes a large number of different industries and is divided into categories of engineers. Thus, engineers have a great career opportunity from the very bottom of the enterprise to the main management positions.

Description of the profession

The main difference between people who have chosen the profession of engineer is the presence of analytical thinking, good theoretical and special applied knowledge, which are guided by the fastest possible application in practice. Successful work depends on a good general technical education with a broad profile. This profession involves a large number of inventions and discoveries. It includes various categories of engineers. The main task is to develop an integrated process. Engineers are needed in all modern industries.

Responsibilities of an engineer

The duties of an engineer include many different activities, among which it is worth paying special attention to the following:

  • Performing their duties using computer technology, communication regarding scientific and technical activities related to construction, information services. This also applies to the organization of labor, production and management and much more, like metrological services and technical control.
  • Development of methodological, regulatory and technical documentation, in addition, the promotion of proposals and activities regarding the implementation of programs and projects.
  • Carrying out a technical and economic analysis, which comprehensively explains why this or that decision is made, its implementation is carried out.

  • Search for methods to shorten the work cycle, help in preparatory measures before starting the implementation process, during the process itself and at its final stages.
  • Providing all structures with the necessary elements for the implementation of the decisions taken, from documents to equipment.
  • Participation in research, creation of projects and programs.
  • Participation in activities related to equipment testing, as well as its introduction into operation or on the market.
  • Preparation of all the necessary conclusions, reviews and other things that will be needed for the final stage of the project.
  • Study and analysis of information, technical data and labor indicators.
  • Generalization, systematization, calculation of this information with the help of modern electronic computing technology.
  • Drawing up orders, instructions, work schedules, diagrams, maps, reporting and setting deadlines, as well as other technical documentation.

  • Providing practical and methodological assistance in the implementation of programs, plans, projects and contracts.
  • Supervision and examination of finished products and equipment.
  • Monitoring compliance with established rules and parameters.
  • Organization of advanced training for employees from the scientific and technical side.
  • Taking initiative in creativity, considering inventions, introducing new methods of work and improving products and the process of their creation.
  • Influence on improving the organization and increasing the efficiency of the enterprise.

Nature of work

It is the responsibility of engineers to apply the theories and principles of various sciences to economic and technical solutions to many problems. They associate scientific discoveries and developments with their practical application. This is done through the management of production sites in various fields. Their activities affect the most diverse stages of production. It all depends on the category of engineers. Engineering specialties have many branches.
They acquire special knowledge and skills to work in various industries. For work, modern computer technologies are mainly used, thanks to which production products are tested, systems are designed, and their productivity is calculated and analyzed.

Working conditions

Engineers are required in industrial enterprises, in laboratories, in construction, in agriculture, in research centers, for a wide range of work. Depending on the area in which they work, they are either constantly in offices, or spend part of their working day at facilities. For some areas of engineering, it is required to travel a long distance from the office in order to study a particular object.

Qualification

To obtain a profession, you must obtain a higher technical education in a specialized institution. Given the flexibility of the specialty, having received education in one area, it is possible to find work in related areas. During their studies, engineers receive theoretical, practical and scientific knowledge. Labor activity depends on the category of engineers and begins with performing simple tasks. Only after getting acquainted with the production do they move on to solving more serious problems. This profession makes it possible to go through a very high career growth.

Responsibilities of the design engineer and designer

A design engineer of the highest category must develop conceptual theoretical and working designs of products. Then draw up technical documentation for the structures that he developed. He conducts patent research, determines the indicators of the technical level of the products that he has designed. The designer takes part in the preparation and commissioning of products. Sometimes his responsibilities include liaising with representatives of other organizations in order to fulfill his functional responsibilities. Below it will be described which categories of engineers are needed to perform certain duties.

The design engineer, in turn, develops individual parts of the project, takes part in the collection of data for the design. He can control the creation of designed structures or objects.

Design engineer (no work experience)

A design engineer without work experience must have a minimum secondary education, he must be able to use a personal computer and know the AutoCAD program. His responsibilities include drawing objects and working with a ready-made base of elements.

III category

Requirements for a design engineer of the third category are a diploma certifying his higher education. A Category 3 engineer should know and be able to use regulatory documents, confidently use AutoCad and Microsoft Office programs, and have experience. His responsibilities include participation in the design of objects, as well as the ability to quickly make drawings of varying complexity.

II category

Among the requirements for a design engineer of the second category is a diploma of higher profile education, experience with the necessary computer programs, as well as experience in design must be at least two years. In addition, an engineer of the 2nd category must know and be able to use the regulatory documentation, as well as his work experience in high engineering and technical positions must be at least two years. His responsibilities include the development of diagrams and planning of the facility, the construction of profiles, cartograms, he also calculates the amount of work.

Category I

An engineer of the 1st category must complete a specialized higher education, use a computer and all important programs, regulatory documents, and also have at least two years of experience as a designer of the second category. His responsibilities include resolving technical issues for the facilities that are assigned to him, as well as preparing assignments for implementing decisions. He must develop all the necessary documentation and draw up tasks, control the correctness of the construction of drawings and control the regulatory moments.

Leading design engineer

The requirements for a leading design engineer include the following: he must complete a higher specialized education, be able to use regulatory documents. In addition, he must have at least three years of independent project management experience. An engineer of the highest category must know the equipment that is used in production, as well as have experience in communicating with subordinates, with production departments and regulatory authorities.
His responsibilities include the development of projects, commercial proposals and terms of reference, specifications and estimates. He must supervise the projects being designed, which were carried out by an engineer of the 1st category, and control the deadlines for the delivery of the project.

Chief Project Engineer

The requirements for a chief engineer are higher professional education, work experience as a chief engineer for at least three years. He should already have experience not only in creating large objects, but also in passing examinations, confidently use a computer and perfectly know all the necessary programs.
His responsibilities include leading a group of design engineers with different categories, document review and approval, full project management and examination, work supervision, cost estimation and documentation preparation, as well as communication with representatives of interested organizations.

6 February 2015

Engineers are workers who deal with various technical devices. The basis of their activities is focused on modernizing or optimizing the solutions that exist at the moment. Newbies in this business are only engaged in direct supervision or adjustment of technical devices.

Depending on the category of engineers, workers have different access to technologies, units or equipment. They also have different rights and responsibilities. Accordingly, with the growth of the category, the range of work performed will increase, as will the salary.

Superficial division of engineers into categories

In domestic practice, there are the following categories of engineers:

  1. Lack of category. Employees with this specialization will be able to perform only the simplest actions. Moreover, they cannot make any decisions if they are not supervised by more qualified professionals.
  2. 3 category. Such workers can cope with the duties of engineers described above. In addition, they can develop simple drawings. Naturally, they will carry out all the work only under the strict supervision of specialists of higher categories.
  3. Category 2. Employees cope with the above duties, and without the supervision of professionals. In addition, they have access to the development of drawings for individual parts or small simple units. In some cases, designers independently assemble such parts according to the created drawings.
  4. 1 category. The employee performs all of the above actions. In addition, if the manager or lead engineer gives certain instructions for the creation of new units, then the engineers can and must follow them.

The leading engineer can also be noted. He is engaged in the development of all the basic structures that are used in the enterprise. Plus, they can optimize existing systems and units, develop technology that will become more competitive.

Engineers Category 3

A Category 3 Engineer is a performer who carries out orders and assignments from senior management. Usually the role of the latter is played by more qualified specialists. Despite the fact that the engineer performs the bulk of his work under strict supervision, he can do some actions on his own:

  • Choose auxiliary materials that will be more convenient for him to use.
  • Improves his skills on his own and studies the necessary materials.
  • Develops documentation, signs it before handing it over to the head.

Thus, despite the limited commitment, all Category 3 engineers are an independent work unit that needs to coordinate their actions with specialists.

Category 2 engineers

An engineer of the 2nd category, when performing his activities, must be guided by the regulatory documents of the organization in which he works. Also in his competence lies the development of estimates and other documentation.

As a rule, the main job of Category 2 engineers is to receive assignments from senior management, then divide it among subordinates. But besides this, he needs to coordinate the documentation and activities with other departments. Naturally, the engineer cannot deviate from the instructions given by more qualified specialists.

Category 1 engineers

An engineer of the 1st category has much more rights and responsibilities. With the growth of his responsibility, his salary also increases. He may have appropriate employees in subordination, the specific specialization of which will be determined by the direction of the engineer and the enterprise.

  • Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of their duties. In addition, if the subordinates of the engineer have not fulfilled their obligations, then the manager will bear responsibility.
  • Offenses committed during employment. For example, if safety precautions were not followed during work, the engineer will be held liable. This applies even to cases where no one was harmed by the violation of TB.
  • Causing material damage to the company.

Naturally, such a number of obligations pays off with a high salary, because otherwise no one wants to take on such responsibility.

Assigning categories

The assignment of a category to an engineer is carried out based on the results of certification. Usually, the timing will be set by government agencies, but sometimes large companies or enterprises hire independent commissions when they believe that one or more employees can improve their skills. Otherwise, the following engineers can count on improving professionalism:

  • A specialist with a higher education and experience of at least 3 years applies for category 3.
  • A specialist with higher education and work experience of an employee of category 3 for at least 3 years applies for category 2.
  • A specialist with a higher education and work experience of a category 2 worker for at least 3 years applies for category 1.

Thus, the assignment of a category to an engineer is carried out every three years. Sometimes this time is reduced to 2 years if the specialist worked in difficult conditions or temporarily performed the duties of an employee with higher qualifications. Of course, provided that he did an excellent job with his work.

Job responsibilities of process engineers

Any process engineer (categories and length of service do not matter) is engaged in introducing new technologies into the standard streamlined production process at the enterprise. All his actions will be focused on two basic rules:

  1. Reducing the cost of production.
  2. Increasing productivity in a competitive environment.

Since the work of a technologist is directly related to the activities of the company, the management must constantly keep him informed of any changes, especially those concerning his sphere.

Each process engineer of categories 1, 2, 3 and without it must have certain knowledge. They include legislative acts, GOSTs of equipment and products, information software, enterprise computer equipment, and so on.

Responsibilities of design engineers

Designers work with equipment, drawings and tools. Such an engineer should be well versed in circuits and devices. If necessary, he will have to adjust them, modernize or draw up such drawings that will allow other workers to assemble a more modern and technological device. It is impossible to specifically designate the responsibilities of designers, since they will depend on the specifics of the enterprise, as well as on the narrow profile of its specialization.

There are 3 categories of design engineers. Each of them, respectively, allows you to work at different levels. During the implementation of its activities, the constructor uses the following:

  • Drawing tools.
  • Specially created or developed software.
  • Directly personal computers.
  • Automation tools.

Sometimes these engineers are allowed to use other tools. But the employee's main weapon is his experience and professionalism.

Job responsibilities of design engineers

All categories of design engineers are engaged in the development of entire projects or their individual parts, it all depends on qualifications. During operation, the following elements can be used:

  • Technologies.
  • Personal experience.
  • Automation tools.
  • Various domestic or foreign modern devices.

Regardless of the category of design engineers, the relevant personnel must have a large amount of knowledge. They include any design technology, as well as technical calculations and methods of their implementation. It is impossible not to mention the standards and GOSTs, which are on a par with safety. Any outside knowledge is appreciated, but it will not necessarily be paid for by the management.

Engineers' rights

  • Offer management various ways to help improve working conditions, make them more organized.
  • Use scientific literature and materials to help you cope with responsibilities. That is, it is not at all necessary for any engineer to memorize all the information, from time to time he can use books or magazines.
  • Pass certification in accordance with the procedure established by the company or the state. In the process, they can get a new category, as well as remain at the same skill level.
  • Improve qualifications with all the ensuing consequences. That is, after receiving a new category, the employee has the right to a higher salary, better working conditions, new entries in labor books, and so on.

In addition to those listed above, engineers have the opportunity to enjoy all the rights that are specified in the Labor Code of the country where the work is carried out.

Responsibility of engineers

  1. Timely fulfillment of duties.
  2. Organization of personal labor activity, execution of orders and instructions at a specified time.
  3. Compliance with fire safety rules, as well as the routine established at the enterprise.
  4. Maintaining documentation, which will detail the activities of the engineer.
  5. If there are employees in subordination, then the manager will be directly responsible for their failure to fulfill their duties.
  6. If in the course of work activities safety precautions have been violated, then the engineer is obliged to take measures, as well as inform the management in a timely manner.

If labor discipline is violated, then the engineer will bear the responsibility established by law. It will depend on the severity of the offense. For example, an employee may be forced to pay a fine, labor, arrest, or forfeit property.

Conclusion

It is known what categories of engineers exist today. However, in order to become a true professional in your field, to be in good standing with your superiors, as well as to earn large sums, you need to work and study a lot. Otherwise, neither seniority nor attempts to get a new category will help improve your specialization. In addition, it is recommended to follow the release of new provisions, technologies and scientific literature. Engineers are one of the few workers who are required to keep up with modern discoveries, otherwise they will lose their competitiveness.

Engineers are workers who deal with various technical devices. The basis of their activities is focused on modernizing or optimizing the solutions that exist at the moment. Newbies in this business are only engaged in direct supervision or adjustment of technical devices.

Depending on the category of engineers, workers have different access to technologies, units or equipment. They also have different rights and responsibilities. Accordingly, with the growth of the category, the range of work performed will increase, as well as

Superficial division of engineers into categories

In domestic practice, there are the following categories of engineers:

  1. Lack of category. Employees with this specialization will be able to perform only the simplest actions. Moreover, they cannot make any decisions if they are not supervised by more qualified professionals.
  2. 3 category. Such workers can cope with the duties of engineers described above. In addition, they can develop simple drawings. Naturally, they will carry out all the work only under the strict supervision of specialists of higher categories.
  3. Category 2. Employees cope with the above duties, and without the supervision of professionals. In addition, they have access to the development of drawings for individual parts or small simple units. In some cases, designers independently assemble such parts according to the created drawings.
  4. 1 category. The employee performs all of the above actions. In addition, if the manager or give certain instructions on the creation of new units, then engineers can and must follow them.

The leading engineer can also be noted. He is engaged in the development of all the basic structures that are used in the enterprise. Plus, they can optimize existing systems and units, develop technology that will become more competitive.

Engineers Category 3

A Category 3 Engineer is a performer who carries out orders and assignments from senior management. Usually the role of the latter is played by more qualified specialists. that the engineer performs the basis of his work under strict supervision, he can do some actions on his own:

  • Choose auxiliary materials that will be more convenient for him to use.
  • Improves his skills on his own and studies the necessary materials.
  • Develops documentation, signs it before handing it over to the head.

Thus, despite the limited commitment, all Category 3 engineers are an independent work unit that needs to coordinate their actions with specialists.

Category 2 engineers

An engineer of the 2nd category, when performing his activities, must be guided by the regulatory documents of the organization in which he works. Also other documentation is in his competence.

As a rule, the main job of Category 2 engineers is to receive assignments from senior management, then divide it among subordinates. But besides this, he needs to coordinate the documentation and activities with other departments. Naturally, the engineer cannot deviate from the instructions given by more qualified specialists.

Engineers Category 1

An engineer of the 1st category has much more rights and responsibilities. With the growth of his responsibility, his salary also increases. He may have appropriate employees in subordination, the specific specialization of which will be determined by the direction of the engineer and the enterprise.

  • Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of their duties. In addition, if the subordinates of the engineer have not fulfilled their obligations, then the manager will bear responsibility.
  • Offenses committed during employment. For example, if safety precautions were not followed during work, the engineer will be held liable. This applies even to cases where no one was harmed by the violation of TB.
  • Causing material damage to the company.

Naturally, such a number of obligations pays off with a high salary, because otherwise no one wants to take on such responsibility.

Assigning categories

The assignment of a category to an engineer is carried out based on the results of certification. Usually, the timing will be set by government agencies, but sometimes large companies or enterprises hire independent commissions when they believe that one or more employees can improve their skills. Otherwise, the following engineers can count on improving professionalism:

  • A specialist with a higher education and experience of at least 3 years applies for category 3.
  • A specialist with higher education and work experience of an employee of category 3 for at least 3 years applies for category 2.
  • A specialist with a higher education and work experience of a category 2 worker for at least 3 years applies for category 1.

Thus, the assignment of a category to an engineer is carried out every three years. Sometimes this time is reduced to 2 years if the specialist worked in difficult conditions or temporarily performed the duties of an employee with higher qualifications. Of course, provided that he did an excellent job with his work.

Job responsibilities of process engineers

Any process engineer (categories and length of service do not matter) is engaged in introducing new technologies into the standard streamlined production process at the enterprise. All his actions will be focused on two basic rules:

  1. Reducing the cost of production.
  2. Increasing productivity in a competitive environment.

Since the work of a technologist is directly related to the activities of the company, the management must constantly keep him informed of any changes, especially those concerning his sphere.

Each process engineer of categories 1, 2, 3 and without it must have certain knowledge. They include legislative acts, GOSTs of equipment and products, information software, enterprise computer equipment, and so on.

Responsibilities of design engineers

Designers work with equipment, drawings and tools. Such an engineer should be well versed in circuits and devices. If necessary, he will have to adjust them, modernize or draw up such drawings that will allow other workers to assemble a more modern and technological device. It is impossible to specifically designate the responsibilities of designers, since they will depend on the specifics of the enterprise, as well as on the narrow profile of its specialization.

There are 3 categories of design engineers. Each of them, respectively, allows you to work at different levels. During the implementation of its activities, the constructor uses the following:

  • Drawing tools.
  • Specially created or developed software.
  • Directly personal computers.
  • Automation tools.

Sometimes these engineers are allowed to use other tools. But the employee's main weapon is his experience and professionalism.

Job responsibilities of design engineers

All categories of design engineers are engaged in the development of entire projects or their individual parts, it all depends on qualifications. During operation, the following elements can be used:

  • Technologies.
  • Personal experience.
  • Automation tools.
  • Various domestic or foreign modern devices.

Regardless of the category of design engineers, the relevant personnel must have a large amount of knowledge. They include any design technology, as well as technical calculations and methods of their implementation. It is impossible not to mention the standards and GOSTs, which are on a par with safety. Any outside knowledge is appreciated, but it will not necessarily be paid for by the management.

Engineers' rights

  • Offer management various ways to help improve working conditions, make them more organized.
  • Use scientific literature and materials to help you cope with responsibilities. That is, it is not at all necessary for any engineer to memorize all the information, from time to time he can use books or magazines.
  • Pass certification in accordance with the procedure established by the company or the state. In the process, they can get a new category, as well as remain at the same skill level.
  • Improve qualifications with all the ensuing consequences. That is, after receiving a new category, the employee has the right to a higher salary, better working conditions, new entries in labor books, and so on.

In addition to those listed above, engineers have the opportunity to enjoy all the rights that are specified in the Labor Code of the country where the work is carried out.

Responsibility of engineers

  1. Timely fulfillment of duties.
  2. Organization of personal labor activity, execution of orders and instructions at a specified time.
  3. Compliance with fire safety rules, as well as the routine established at the enterprise.
  4. Maintaining documentation, which will detail the activities of the engineer.
  5. If there are employees in subordination, then the manager will be directly responsible for their failure to fulfill their duties.
  6. If in the course of work activities safety precautions have been violated, then the engineer is obliged to take measures, as well as inform the management in a timely manner.

If violated, then the engineer will be held liable under the law. It will depend on the severity of the offense. For example, an employee may be forced to pay a fine, labor, arrest, or forfeit property.

Conclusion

It is known what categories of engineers exist today. However, in order to become truly in good standing with the authorities, as well as earn large sums, you need to work and study a lot. Otherwise, neither seniority nor attempts to get a new category will help improve your specialization. In addition, it is recommended to follow the release of new provisions, technologies and scientific literature. Engineers are one of the few workers who are obliged to keep up with modern discoveries, otherwise they will lose their competitiveness.