Modern types of communication physics presentation. Presentation on the theme "development of communication means". Laser communication system
Development modern means connections
Communication means - hardware and software used for the formation, reception, processing, storage, transmission, delivery of telecommunication messages or postal items, as well as other technical and software tools used in the provision of communication services or ensuring the operation of communication networks.
types of communication Wired (telephone, telegraph, etc.) Wireless, which, in turn, distinguish: radio (omnidirectional, narrowly directed, cellular and other radio systems), radio relay and space (satellite) devices, systems and complexes.
Communication means. The first is the emergence of oral speech. Scientists have identified five powerful impulses that accelerated the development of mankind, which the culture received during its existence:
The second is the invention of writing, which allowed a person to enter into communication with other people who are not in direct contact with him.
The third is the emergence and spread of book printing.
The fourth is the emergence of electronic mass communication, which provided an opportunity for everyone to become a direct witness and participant in the historical and cultural process taking place all over the world. Radio Television
Fifth, according to many experts, - the emergence and development of the Internet as a new means of communication, providing ample opportunities in the forms and methods of receiving and transmitting information, as well as the implementation of many other functions.
Stages of development of communication facilities Creation of an optical telegraph - a device for transmitting information over long distances using light signals. This system was invented by the Frenchman Claude Chappe.
Communication by wire. The first electric telegraph was created in 1837 by English inventors: William Cook Charles Watsone
Late model of the Cook and Wheatstone telegraph. The signals triggered arrows on the receiver, which pointed to different letters and thus conveyed the message.
Morse Code In 1843, the American artist Samuel Morse - invented a new telegraph code that replaced Cook and Wheatstone's code. He designed dots and dashes for each letter.
And Charles Whetstone created a system in which an operator used Morse code to type messages on a long paper tape that entered the telegraph machine. At the other end of the wire, the recorder was stuffing the received message onto another paper tape. Subsequently, the recorder was replaced by a signaling device that converted dots and dashes into long and short sounds. Operators listened to the messages and recorded their translation.
The invention of the first telephone. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), together with Thomas Watson (1854-1934), designed a device consisting of a transmitter (microphone) and a receiver (speaker). Microphone and speaker were arranged the same In the microphone, the speaker's voice made the membrane vibrate, causing the electric current to oscillate ... In dynamics, a current flowed to the membrane, causing it to vibrate and reproduce the sounds of a human voice. The first telephone conversation took place on March 10, 1876.
The invention of the radio. Radio creator Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859-1906). On May 7, 1895, Popov demonstrated the radio he invented at a meeting of the physics department of the Russian Physicochemical Society. A type of wireless communication in which radio waves are used as a signal carrier, freely propagating in space.
Satellite connection... Satellites are unmanned spacecraft that orbit around the Earth. They can transmit telephone conversations and television signals anywhere in the world. They also transmit weather and navigation information. In 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
In 1960, the Kurier and Echo satellites were launched in the USA. They transmitted the first telephone conversations between the US and Europe. In 1962, Telstar, the first television satellite, entered orbit in the USA.
Fiber optic communication lines. Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, significantly distant side. To date, a huge number of backbone fiber-optic rings, intracity and even intra-office, have been built and are being built.
Laser communication system Quite an interesting solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most common video cameras and are intended for communication between offices, inside offices and along the corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other through laser radiation. Recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example a lamp, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, the laser beams always have the same wavelength and are little scattered.
Links to sources of information and images: www.digimedia.ru/articles/svyaz/setevye-tehnologii/istoriya/faks-istoriya-ofisnogo-vorchuna/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0% BE% D0% BF% D0% BE% D0% B2, _% D0% 90% D0% BB% D0% B5% D0% BA% D1% 81% D0% B0% D0% BD% D0% B4% D1% 80_% D0% A1% D1% 82% D0% B5% D0% BF% D0% B0% D0% BD% D0% BE% D0% B2% D0% B8% D1% 87 http://geniusweb.ru/? feed \u003d rss2 ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Radio http://www.5ka.ru/88/19722/1.html
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Stages of development of communication facilities English scientist James Maxwell in 1864 theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered experimentally at the University of Berlin. May 7, 1895 A.S. Popov invented the radio. In 1901, the Italian engineer G. Marconi for the first time carried out radio communication through Atlantic Ocean... B.L. Rosing May 9, 1911 electronic television. 30 years V.K. Zvorykin invented the first transmission tube - the iconoscope.
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Communication is the most important link in the country's economic system, a way of communication between people, the satisfaction of their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs
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The main directions of development of communication facilities Radio communication Telephone communication Telegraph communication Cellular communication Internet Space communication Phototelegraph (Fax) Video telephone communication Telegraph communication
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Radio communication - transmission and reception of information using radio waves that propagate in space without wires.
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Space communication SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, radio communication or optical (laser) communication between ground receiving and transmitting stations and spacecraft, between several ground stations, mainly through communication satellites or passive repeaters (eg, a belt of needles), between several spacecraft.
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Phototelegraph Phototelegraph is the common abbreviation for facsimile communication (phototelegraph communication). A type of communication for transmitting and receiving images printed on paper (manuscripts, tables, drawings, drawings, etc.). A device that makes such a connection.
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The first phototelegraph At the beginning of the century, the German physicist Korn created a phototelegraph, which does not fundamentally differ from modern drum scanners. (The figure on the right shows a diagram of Korn's telegraph and a portrait of the inventor, scanned and transmitted over a distance of more than 1000 km on November 6, 1906).
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Shelford Bidwell, a British physicist, invented the “scanning phototelegraph”. The system used selenium material and electrical signals to transmit images (diagrams, maps and photographs).
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Automatic production line "Ziglochstahl" with a capacity of 6 million hardcover books per year
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Video telephony Personal video telephony on UMTS equipment The newest models of telephones have an attractive design, a wide range of accessories, wide functionality, support Bluetooth and wideband-ready audio technologies, as well as XML integration with any corporate applications
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Types of signal transmission lines Two-wire line Electric cable Metric waveguide Dielectric waveguide Radio relay line Beam line Fiber-optic line Laser communication
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Fiber-optic communication lines Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, significantly distant side. To date, a huge number of backbone fiber-optic rings, intracity and even intra-office, have been built and are being built. And this number will constantly grow.
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Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) have a number of significant advantages over communication lines based on metal cables. These include: large throughput, low attenuation, small weight and dimensions, high noise immunity, reliable safety technology, practically no mutual influences, low cost due to the absence of non-ferrous metals in the structure. FOCL uses electromagnetic waves in the optical range. Recall that visible optical radiation lies in the wavelength range 380 ... 760 nm. Practical application in fiber-optic communication lines has received the infrared range, i.e. radiation with a wavelength of more than 760 nm. The principle of propagation of optical radiation along an optical fiber (OF) is based on reflection from the interface of media with different refractive indices (Fig. 5.7). Optical fiber is made of quartz glass in the form of cylinders with aligned axes and different refractive indices. The inner cylinder is called the OM core, and the outer layer is called the OM shell.
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Laser communication system Quite an interesting solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most common video cameras and are intended for communication between offices, inside offices and along the corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other through laser radiation. Recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example a lamp, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, the laser beams always have the same wavelength and are little scattered.
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For the first time, a laser communication between a satellite and an aircraft was carried out. 12/25/06, Mon, 00:28, Moscow time The French company Astrium demonstrated for the first time in the world a successful communication by a laser beam between a satellite and an aircraft. During the tests of the laser communication system, which took place in early December 2006, communication at a distance of almost 40 thousand km was carried out twice - once the Mystere 20 aircraft was at an altitude of 6 thousand meters, the other time the flight altitude was 10 thousand meters. The aircraft's speed was about 500 km / h, the data transfer rate by the laser beam was 50 Mb / s. The data was transmitted to the Artemis geostationary telecommunications satellite. The tests used the aircraft laser system Lola (Liaison Optique Laser Aeroportee), on the Artemis satellite the data was received by the Silex laser system. Both systems are developed by Astrium Corporation. The Lola system, Optics reports, uses a Lumics laser with a wavelength of 0.8 μm and a laser power of 300 mW. Avalanche photodiodes are used as photodetectors.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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What are communications and communications? Communication is the most important link in the country's economic system, a way of communication between people, the satisfaction of their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs. Communication means - technical and software devices used for the formation, reception, processing, storage, transmission, delivery of telecommunication messages or postal items, as well as other technical and software tools used in the provision of communication services or ensuring the operation of communication networks.
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Types of communication. Wireless Wireless communication is the transmission of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires." Wireline Wireline communication - communication in which messages are transmitted over wires using electrical signals; type of telecommunication
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The main directions of development of communications. Radio communication Telephone communication Television communication Cellular communication Internet Space communication Phototelegraph (Fax) Video telephone communication Telegraph communication
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Stages of development of communications. Creation of an optical telegraph. Optical telegraph - a device for transmitting information over long distances using light signals. Invented by the Frenchman Claude Chappe.
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The first electric telegraph was created in 1837 by the English inventors William Cook and Charles Whitsone.
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Morse code. Samuel Finley Breeze Morse is an American inventor and artist. The most famous inventions are the electromagnetic writing telegraph and Morse code. He designed dots and dashes for each letter.
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The invention of the radio. Scheme and appearance radio receiver A.S. Popov made by himself The relay worked, the bell was turned on, and the coherer received a “slight shake”, the clutch between the metal filings weakened, and they were ready to receive the next signal Initially, radio communication was established at a distance of 250 m. Working tirelessly on his invention , Popov soon achieved a communication range of more than 600 m. Then on the maneuvers of the Black Sea Fleet in 1899. the scientist established radio communication at a distance of over 20 km, and in 1901. the radio communication range was already 150 km. The new transmitter design played an important role in this.
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Satellite connection. Satellites are unmanned spacecraft that orbit around the Earth. They can transmit telephone conversations and television signals anywhere in the world. They also transmit weather and navigation information. In 1957, the USSR launched "Sputnik - 1" - the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
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Fiber-optic communication lines Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for information transmission. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, significantly distant side. To date, a huge number of backbone fiber-optic rings, intracity and even intra-office, have been built and are being built. And this number will constantly grow.
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Laser communication system. A rather curious solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most common video cameras and are intended for communication between offices, inside offices and along the corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other through laser radiation. Recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example a lamp, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, the laser beams always have the same wavelength and are little scattered.
Television is a field of science, technology and culture associated with the transmission of visual information (moving images) over a distance by radio electronic means; the actual way of such transfer. Along with radio broadcasting, television is one of the most widespread means of disseminating information and one of the main means of communication used for scientific, organizational, technical, and other applied purposes. The ultimate link television transmission the human eye serves, therefore television systems are built taking into account the peculiarities of vision. Real world is perceived by a person visually in colors, objects - in relief, located in the volume of a certain space, and events in dynamics, movement: therefore, an ideal television system should provide the ability to reproduce these properties of the material world. In modern television, the tasks of transferring motion and color have been successfully solved. At the testing stage are television systems capable of reproducing the relief of objects and the depth of space.
Television reception with a picture tube The television has a magnetically controlled electron beam called a picture tube. In a CRT, an electron gun creates an electron beam that is focused on a screen covered with crystals that can glow under the impact of fast moving electrons. On their way to the screen, electrons fly through the magnetic fields of two pairs of coils located outside the tube. Transmission of television signals to any point of our country is provided by means of retransmission artificial earth satellites in the Orbit system.
The antenna of the television receiver receives ultrashort waves emitted by the antenna of the television transmitter, modulated by the signals of the transmitted image. To receive stronger signals in the receiver and to reduce various interference, as a rule, a special receiving television antenna is made. In the simplest case, it is a so-called half-wave vibrator, or dipole, that is, a metal rod slightly less than half the wavelength long, located horizontally at right angles to the direction to the telecenter. The received signals are amplified, detected and amplified again in the same way as in conventional receivers for receiving sound broadcasting. A feature of a television receiver, which can be of direct amplification or superheterodyne type, is that it is designed to receive ultrashort waves. The voltage and current of the image signals obtained as a result of amplification after the detector, repeat all changes in the current that produced the modulation on the television transmitter. In other words, the image signal in the receiver accurately reflects the sequential transmission of individual elements of the transmitted object, repeating 25 times per second. The image signals act on the television receiver tube, which is the main part of the television. How does the television reception work?
The use of a cathode-ray tube for receiving television images was proposed by a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology B.L. Rosing back in 1907 and provided further development high quality television. It was Boris Lvovich Rosing who laid the foundations of modern television with his works.
Picture tube Picture tube is an electron beam device that converts electrical signals into light signals. The main parts: 1) an electron gun, designed to form an electron beam, in color picture tubes and multi-beam oscillographic tubes are combined into an electron-optical projector; 2) a screen covered with a phosphor with a substance that glows when an electron beam hits it; 3) deflection system, controls the beam in such a way that it forms the required image.
Historically, television has evolved since transmitting only the luminance characteristics of each picture element. In a black and white television, the luminance signal at the output of the transmitting tube is amplified and converted. The communication channel is a radio channel or a cable channel. In the receiving device, the received signals are converted in a single-beam kinescope, the screen of which is covered with a white phosphor.
1) Electron guns 2) Electron beams 3) Focusing coil 4) Deflection coils 5) Anode 6) Mask, due to which the red beam hits the red phosphor, etc. 7) Red, green and blue grains of the phosphor 8) Mask and grains of phosphor (enlarged). Color kinescope device
Red Blue Green The transmission and reception of color images requires more sophisticated television systems. Instead of one falling tube, three tubes are required, transmitting signals of three single-color images - red, blue and green. red green blue blue red green The picture tube screen of the color TV is covered with crystals of three types of phosphors. These crystals are arranged in separate cells on the screen in strict order. On a color TV screen, three beams create simultaneously three images of red, green, and blue. The superposition of these images, consisting of small areas of light, is perceived by the human eye as a multi-color image with all shades of colors. At the same time, the glow of crystals in one place in blue, red and green is perceived by the eye as white, so black and white images can also be obtained on a color TV screen.
(TC-1) The first TV for individual use KVN-49 Teleradiola "Belarus-5" Color TV sets "Minsk" and "Raduga"
Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to say that a fairly large amount of popular science literature, as well as encyclopedias and reference books, have been studied. The principle of radio communication, amplitude modulation and detection processes were studied in detail. Based on what has been studied, the following conclusions can be drawn: Radio played a huge role in the life of mankind in the 20th century. It occupies an important place in the economy of any country. Thanks to the invention of radio in the XX century, various means of communication were greatly developed. Scientists around the world, including Russian and Soviet ones, continue to improve modern communications. And without the invention of radio, this would hardly be possible. By 2014, the transmission of information using digital communication will be introduced in our country.
References 1. IVBrenev "Invention of radio by A.S. Popov" MOSCOW "Soviet radio" B.B.Bukhovtsev, G.Ya.Myakishev "Physics. Textbook for 11 grade of educational institutions" Moscow "Enlightenment" e edition 3. V.S. Virginsky, V.F. Khoteenkov "Essays on the history and science of technology." MOSCOW "Enlightenment" F.M.Dyagilev "From the history of physics and the life of its creators" MOSCOW "Enlightenment" OFKabardin, A.A. Pinsky "Physics Grade 11. Textbook for educational institutions and schools with advanced study of physics" Moscow "Enlightenment" e edition 6. VP Orekhov "Oscillations and waves in the course of physics of secondary school" Moscow "Enlightenment" 1977 7. Popov V.I. The basics cellular communication GSM standard ("Engineering Encyclopedia of Fuel and Energy Complex"). M., "Eco-Trends", 2005
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Communication development stages
English scientist James Maxwell in 1864 theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. 1887 experimentally discovered at the University of Berlin by Heinrich Hertz. May 7, 1895 A.S. Popov invented the radio. In 1901, the Italian engineer G. Marconi made the first radio communication across the Atlantic Ocean. B.L. Rosing May 9, 1911 electronic television. 30 years V.K. Zvorykin invented the first transmission tube - the iconoscope.
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Communication
- this is the most important link in the country's economic system, a way of communication between people, the satisfaction of their production, spiritual, cultural and social needs
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The main directions of development of communications
Radio communication Telephone communication Television communication Cellular communication Internet Space communication Phototelegraph (Fax) Video telephone communication Telegraph communication
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Radio communication
- transmission and reception of information using radio waves propagating in space without wires.
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Types of radio communication.
Radiotelegraph Radiotelephone Broadcasting Television.
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Space communication
SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, radio communication or optical (laser) communication between ground receiving and transmitting stations and spacecraft, between several ground stations, mainly through communication satellites or passive repeaters (e.g., a belt of needles), between several spacecraft.
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Phototelegraph
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Phototelegraph, the common abbreviated name for facsimile communication (phototelegraph communication). A type of communication for transmitting and receiving images printed on paper (manuscripts, tables, drawings, drawings, etc.). A device that makes such a connection.
Slide 10
Shelford Bidwell, a British physicist, invented the “scanning phototelegraph”. The system used selenium material and electrical signals to transmit images (diagrams, maps and photographs).
Slide 11
Automatic production line "Ziglochstahl" with a capacity of 6 million hardcover books per year
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Video telephone communication
Personal video telephony on UMTS equipment The newest models of telephones have an attractive design, a wide range of accessories, wide functionality, support Bluetooth and wideband-ready audio technologies, as well as XML integration with any corporate applications
Slide 13
Types of signal transmission lines
Two-wire line Electrical cable Metric waveguide Dielectric waveguide Radio relay line Beam guide line Fiber-optic line Laser communication
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Fiber optic communication lines
Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are currently considered the most advanced physical medium for transmitting information. Data transmission in optical fiber is based on the effect of total internal reflection. Thus, the optical signal transmitted by the laser on one side is received on the other, significantly distant side. To date, a huge number of backbone fiber-optic rings, intracity and even intra-office, have been built and are being built. And this number will constantly grow.
Slide 15
Fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) have a number of significant advantages over communication lines based on metal cables. These include: high throughput, low attenuation, low weight and dimensions, high noise immunity, reliable safety technology, practically no mutual influences, low cost due to the absence of non-ferrous metals in the structure. FOCL uses electromagnetic waves in the optical range. Recall that the visible optical radiation lies in the wavelength range of 380 ... 760 nm. Practical application in fiber-optic communication lines has received the infrared range, i.e. radiation with a wavelength of more than 760 nm. The principle of propagation of optical radiation along an optical fiber (OF) is based on reflection from the boundary of media with different refractive indices (Fig. 5.7). Optical fiber is made of quartz glass in the form of cylinders with aligned axes and different refractive indices. The inner cylinder is called the OM core, and the outer layer is called the OM shell.
Slide 16
Laser communication system
A rather curious solution for high-quality and fast network communication was developed by the German company Laser2000. The two presented models look like the most common video cameras and are intended for communication between offices, inside offices and along the corridors. Simply put, instead of laying an optical cable, you just need to install inventions from Laser2000. However, in fact, these are not video cameras, but two transmitters that communicate with each other through laser radiation. Recall that a laser, unlike ordinary light, for example, lamp, is characterized by monochromaticity and coherence, that is, the laser beams always have the same wavelength and are little scattered.
Slide 17
For the first time, a laser communication between a satellite and an aircraft was realized 12/25/06, Mon, 00:28, Moscow time
For the first time in the world, the French company Astrium has demonstrated a successful laser beam link between a satellite and an aircraft. During the tests of the laser communication system, which took place in early December 2006, communication at a distance of almost 40 thousand km was carried out twice - once the Mystere 20 aircraft was at an altitude of 6 thousand meters, the other time the flight altitude was 10 thousand meters. The aircraft's speed was about 500 km / h, the data transfer rate by the laser beam was 50 Mb / s. The data was transmitted to a geostationary telecommunications satellite Artemis. In the tests, the aircraft laser system Lola (Liaison Optique Laser Aeroportee) was used, on the Artemis satellite the data was received by the Silex laser system. Both systems are developed by Astrium Corporation. The Lola system, Optics reports, uses a Lumics laser with a wavelength of 0.8 μm and a laser power of 300 mW. Avalanche photodiodes are used as photodetectors.
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