Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals: list, names, classification and use. Branches of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a heavy industry that produces structural materials. It includes mining, enrichment of metals, redistribution of non-ferrous, production of alloys, rolled products, processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. The former USSR produced 7 million tons of non-ferrous metals.
The development of NTP requires an increase in the production of strong, ductile, corrosion-resistant, lightweight structural materials (alloys based on aluminum and titanium). They are widely used in the aviation, rocket, space technology, shipbuilding, and equipment for the chemical industry.
Copper widely used in mechanical engineering and electrometallurgy, both in pure form and in the form of alloys - with tin (bronze), with aluminum (duralumin), with zinc (brass), with nickel (cupronickel).
Lead used in the manufacture of batteries, cables, in the nuclear industry.
Zinc and Nickel used in ferrous metallurgy.
Tin used in the production of tinplate and bearings.
Noble metals are highly ductile, and platinum is refractory. Therefore, they are widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and technology. It is impossible to make films and photographic films without silver salts. By physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be conditionally divided into 4 groups.
Classification of non-ferrous metals:
The main
heavy- copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel
lungs- aluminum, titanium, magnesium
small- arsenic, mercury, antimony, cobalt
Alloying - molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, silicon
Noble- gold, silver, platinum
Rare and scattered- gallium, selenium, tellurium, uranium, zirconium, germanium
Branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:
lead-zinc metallurgy of heavy metals
nickel-cobalt
pewteraluminum
titanium-magnesium metallurgy of light metals
Non-ferrous metals have excellent physical properties: electrical conductivity, malleability, fusibility, ability to form alloys, heat capacity.
By stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into:
Extraction and processing of ore raw materials (GOK - mining and processing plants). GOKs are based at sources of raw materials, since the production of one ton of non-ferrous metal on average requires 100 tons of ore.
Conversion metallurgy. Enriched ores are transferred to the redistribution. The raw materials are used for the production of copper and zinc. Energy sources - industries associated with aluminum, zinc, titanium, magnesium. For the consumer - production related to tin.
Processing, rolling, production of alloys. Enterprises are based at the consumer.
Russia possesses many types of non-ferrous metals. 70% of non-ferrous metal ores are mined by open pit mining.
Specificity non-ferrous metal ores consists of:
a) in their complex composition (multicomponent)
b) in a low content of useful components in the ore - only a few%, sometimes a share of%:
copper - 1-5%
zinc - 4-6%
lead - 1.5%
tin - 0.01-0.7%
To obtain 1 ton of copper concentrate, 100 tons of ore are used, 1 ton of nickel concentrate - 200 tons, tin concentrate - 300 tons.
All ores are preliminarily enriched at GOKs and in metallurgical processing. Concentrates are produced there:
copper - 75%
zinc - 42-62%
tin - 40-70%
Due to the significant consumption of materials, non-ferrous metallurgy is guided by raw materials. Since the ores of non-ferrous and rare metals have a multicomponent composition, the complex use of raw materials is of practical importance. Integrated use of raw materials and disposal of industrial waste connects non-ferrous metallurgy with other industries. On this basis, whole industrial complexes are being formed, for example, the Urals. Of particular interest is the combination of non-ferrous metallurgy and basic chemistry. When sulfur dioxide is used in industry, zinc and copper are produced.
Placement factors:
raw- copper, nickel, lead
fuel and energy- titanium, magnesium, aluminum
consumer- tin
Metallurgy of heavy metals (copper, nickel, zinc, tin, lead).
Heavy metal ores are characterized by a low metal content per unit of ore.
Copper industry.
The copper industry is confined to the regions of raw materials due to the low content in the concentrate, except for the refining of the crude metal. The main types of ores:
copper pyrite- focused on the Urals. Krasno Uralsk (Sverdlovsk region), Revda (Sverdlovsk region), Gai (very high metal content - 4%), Sibay, Baimak.
copper-nickel. Talnakhskoe (north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory). Norilsk Combine is based on it
cuprous sandstones. A promising field is Udokanskoye in the Chita region north of the city of Gary.
Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials (copper is obtained from them in the form of matte).
Copper production splits into 2 cycles:
blister copper (matte) production
refined copper production (purification by electrolysis)
Copper smelters are located at:
Urals: Krasno Uralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, Karabash.
Electrolytic plants:
Kyshtym, Verkhnyaya Pyshma.
The utilization of industrial waste for chemical purposes is widely developed in the Urals: Krasno Uralsk, Revda. After roasting zinc and copper, sulphurous gases are obtained. On the basis of sulfurous gases, sulfuric acid is obtained, with the help of which phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of imported apatites of the Kola Peninsula.
Copper together with nickel is produced in Norilsk on the basis of the Tanakhskoye deposit.
Kazakhstan. Dzhezkazgan, Kounrad, Sayak (Dzhezkazgan region), Bozshakul (in Pavlodar region).
Copper smelters - Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan. Irtyshsky in Glubokoe (East Kazakhstan region) uses polymetallic and copper-nickel ores.
Uzbekistan. Almalyk - copper smelter + deposit.
Nickel-cobalt industry (nickel production).
It is closely related to the sources of raw materials due to the low metal content in the ore. In Russia - two types of ores:
sulfide(copper-nickel) - Kola Peninsula (Nickel), Norilsk
oxidized ore in the Urals
Enterprises:
Ural - Rezh (north of Yekaterinburg), Verkhny Ufaley (north of Chelyabinsk), Orsk
Norilsk
Monchegorsk, "Severonikel" (the ores of the Sobelevskoye deposit are used) - Murmansk region
Lead-zinc industry.
She uses polymetallic ores. In general, it is confined to the ore. Lead-zinc concentrates have a high content of the useful component (up to 62%), and, therefore, are transportable, therefore enrichment and metallurgical processing are separated from each other, in contrast to the copper industry. Thus, zinc production in Chelyabinsk is based on imported concentrates from Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
The lead-zinc industry is distinguished by the disposal of waste for chemical purposes. Sulfuric acid is obtained by electrolysis of zinc sulfate solution, which can also be produced from sulfurous gases obtained during the roasting of zinc concentrates. Place of Birth:
Sadonskoe (North Ossetia)
Salair (Kemerovo region)
Nerchinsk deposits (Chita region)
Dalnegorskoe (Primorsky Territory)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc at the local deposit "Sadonskoye" enterprise in Vladikavkaz
Zinc production from imported concentrates - Chelyabinsk (cheap electricity - GRES), Belovo (based on the Salair deposit). Long-distance transportation is possible due to the high zinc content in the concentrate - up to 62%. Raw materials are imported from the Nerchinsky deposit
Lead metal production - Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Territory)
Kazakhstan.Place of Birth:
Zaryanovskoe (V-K region)
Leninogorskoe (V-K region)
Tekeli (Taldy-Kurgan region)
Achisay (Chimkent region)
Enterprises:
Joint production of lead and zinc - Leninogorsk (VK region), Ust-Kamenogorsk (VK region)
Lead production - Chimkent
Ukraine. Zinc production from imported Sadonsky concentrates - Konstantinovka. Donbass - electricity
Kyrgyzstan. Aktyuz - mining and processing of polymetallic ores
Tajikistan. Kansai - mining and processing of ores
Tin mining industry.
Place of Birth:
Sherlovskaya mountain (Chita region)
Khabcheranga (Chita region)
ESE-Khaya - in the basin of the river. Lena (Republic of Sakha)
Obluchiya (Jewish Autonomous Region)
Solnechny (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)
Kavalerovo (Khrustalnoe) - Primorsky Territory
The tin mining industry is fragmented according to the stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not related to the sources of raw materials. It focuses on areas of consumption of finished products: Moscow, Podolsk, Kolchugino (north of the Vladimir region), St. Petersburg or located on the route of concentrates: Novosibirsk. This is due to the fact that the extraction of raw materials is dispersed over small deposits, and concentrates are highly transportable (concentrate content is up to 70%).
Metallurgy of light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium).
Aluminum industry.
Aluminum production splits into two cycles:
obtaining alumina (aluminum oxide). At the same time, soda and cement are obtained, that is, the chemical industry is combined with the production of building materials. Alumina production, being a material-intensive production, gravitates towards raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important branches of heavy industry. Its tasks include the extraction, processing and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Three areas of the industry are of greatest importance: aluminum, nickel and copper.
general characteristics
Non-ferrous metals are widely in demand in the industry, but they are of the greatest importance in construction, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.
In the production process of non-ferrous metals, one can distinguish 3 main stages :
- extraction of natural raw materials and its subsequent enrichment;
- redistribution of non-ferrous ore - obtaining an intermediate product;
- production of pure metal.
Fig. 1. Colored ores.
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is closely related to scientific and technological progress, thanks to which the scope of application of non-ferrous metals and their alloys has significantly expanded. If at the beginning of the twentieth century no more than 15 metals were in demand in the industry, now this industry actively uses about 70 types of various non-ferrous metals.
Non-ferrous metallurgy has a number of features that affect its placement ... These include:
- High energy intensity of production. The development of the industry will only be effective when production is located close to sources of inexpensive energy resources.
- High material consumption. Since non-ferrous metals are contained in ores in small quantities, it is advisable to build production facilities for their enrichment and processing directly near the places of extraction of natural raw materials.
- The raw materials used are complex. This means that the vast majority of non-ferrous metal ores contain several metals. To make the most of them, the most effective way is to combine them.
- Non-ferrous metallurgy is widely used in the production of secondary raw materials - scrap metal .
Fig. 2. Production of scrap metal.
Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. The richest deposits of non-ferrous ores are located in South Africa, Australia, Chile, India, Guinea, Venezuela, Peru. To improve the efficiency of developments in non-ferrous metallurgy, many countries are actively cooperating with each other.
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Fig. 3. Deposits of aluminum.
The leading role in the world non-ferrous metallurgy is played by the aluminum industry. The bulk of the ore reserves with this valuable metal are concentrated in the equatorial zone. However, successful production of aluminum is possible only in countries that have large sources of inexpensive energy:
- Canada, Norway, Russia, Brazil and the United States possess significant hydrological resources and powerful hydroelectric power plants.
- The Netherlands, UAE, Iraq, Great Britain are rich in natural gas.
- China, India, Australia have large reserves of coal.
In countries with expensive energy (Austria, Hungary, France), where aluminum smelting was considered a traditional type of industry, the production of this non-ferrous metal is gradually dying out.
Table "Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy"
|
Copper |
Aluminum |
Lead and zinc |
Tin |
|
|
Areas for the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores |
Chile, USA, Peru, Canada, Russia |
Jamaica, Guinea, Australia |
USA, Australia, Russia, Mexico, Peru |
Brazil, Malaysia, Bolivia, Thailand |
|
Ore beneficiation centers |
Blister copper. USA, Chile, Zaire, Japan, Zambia, Canada |
Alumina. Canada, USA, Australia, Russia, Jamaica, Brazil |
||
|
Metal production centers |
Refined copper. Russia, USA, Chile, Japan |
Venezuela, Russia, Canada, USA, China, India |
Russia, USA |
Malaysia, Indonesia, Bolivia, Brazil, Thailand |
The production of non-ferrous metals poses a great threat to the environment. At the same time, all components of nature suffer: the atmosphere, surface and underground waters, soil. For example, sulfur dioxide, which annually enters the air in huge amounts, falls on the surface of the Earth in the form of acid rains, which have a detrimental effect on all living things.
What have we learned?
While studying the topic "Non-ferrous metallurgy" in the geography program for the 9th grade, we learned what the production of non-ferrous metals is. We found out how important it is in modern industry, what factors determine its location and what its main problem is.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FGAOU VPO "NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
Institute of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Department of Physical Geography and Landscape Science
Message
on discipline: "Economic Geography of Russia"
on the topic:
"Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia"
Performed:
4th year student,
Groups 102 (1),
Directions "Geography"
Dorogokup Anastasia
Stavropol, 2013
1. The importance of the industry in the national economy.
2. Composition of the industry.
4. Factors of placement.
5. Geography.
6. Features of the current development of the industry and development prospects.
Non-ferrous metallurgy .
1.The importance of the industry in the national economy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the Russian economy, it is distinguished by high material consumption and capital intensity of production. The non-ferrous metallurgy market is 90% associated with the machine-building industry. In addition, production based on the processing of secondary resources, for example, sulfuric acid production, the production of cement and block products, the production of nitrogen fertilizers, and so on, is widely introduced as part of the enterprises of this industry.
Non-ferrous metallurgy occupies the leading fourth place (after fuel, mechanical engineering and food) in the structure of Russian industry, its share is 10.1%. It is one of the most export-oriented industries. It has the richest raw material base. The Norilsk deposit alone contains 35.8% of the world's nickel reserves, 14.5% of cobalt, about 10% of copper and 40% of the reserves of platinum group metals.
2.Composition of the industry.
Non-ferrous metals give off sweat to groups:
Heavy metals - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel.
Light metals - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, sodium, potassium, etc.
Ligating or refractory metals - tungsten, molybdenum.
Precious metals - gold, silver, platinum.
Rare or scattered metals - zirconium, gallium, germanium, indium.
Nonferrous metallurgy in Russia unites a number of specialized industries, which can be grouped according to two main criteria: by the stages of extraction and processing of raw materials into finished products and depending on the main type of product. On the first basis, the mining industry can be distinguished, including the beneficiation of mined ores, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary production - repair and engineering.
According to the second criterion, the following subsectors are distinguished:
1)Aluminum. Extraction of bauxite and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminum, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and building materials
The aluminum industry uses higher quality raw materials than other non-ferrous metallurgy industries. Raw materials are represented by bauxites, which are mined in the North-West (Boksi-togorsk) and the Urals (Severouralsk), as well as nephelines - in the Northern region, on the Kola Peninsula (Kirovsk), in Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk). A new bauxite mining center is being formed in the Northern Region (Severoonezhskoye field).
The technological process in the aluminum industry consists of two main stages: the production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum. Geographically, these stages can be located together, as, for example, in the Northwest or the Urals. However, for the most part, even within the same economic region, they are disunited, because they are subject to the influence of different factors of location. Alumina production centers are located in the Northwest (Boksitogorsk - Tikhvin bauxites, Volkhov and Pikalevo - Khibiny nephelines), in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky - North Ural bauxites) and in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk - Kiyashaltyr nephelines).
The first place in the production of alumina is occupied by the Urals (more than 2/5 of the total output), followed by Eastern Siberia (over 1/3) and Northwest (over 1/5). But domestic production provides only half of the existing needs. The rest of the alumina is imported from neighboring countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Ukraine), as well as from Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela and other countries. About 1/5 of the alumina demand of aluminum smelters is covered by the Nikolaev Alumina Plant (Ukraine), the largest in the CIS. Its capacity is 1.2 million tons of alumina per year.
Due to the significant electrical intensity, the production of aluminum metal, regardless of the quality of the feedstock, is almost always confined to sources of cheap electricity, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role. Here, the use of imported alumina (about 2 tons per 1 ton of aluminum) turns out to be economically more profitable in comparison with the transfer of electricity or an equivalent amount of fuel to the regions where cheap alumina is produced.
The aluminum industry has the largest production scale among other non-ferrous metallurgy industries.
2)Copper. Extraction and beneficiation of ore, production of blister and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials.
The main type of ore currently used in Russia for the production of copper is copper pyrite, which are represented mainly in the Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blyavinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye and other deposits).
The main region of copper production is the Urals, which is characterized by the prevalence of metallurgical processing over mining and processing. Therefore, they are forced to use imported (mostly Kazakh) concentrates.
Widespread utilization of waste for chemical purposes is characteristic. At the copper smelters of Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad and Revda, sulfurous gases are used as a feedstock for the production of sulfuric acid. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced on the basis of sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates. Ore reserves amount to 1.2 billion tons with an average copper grade of 1.5%. Consequently, the Udokan deposit contains 18--20 million tons of copper.
3)Lead-zinc. Extraction and processing of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials.
The lead-zinc industry is characterized by more complex structural and territorial features in comparison with the copper industry. In general, it is confined to the areas of distribution of polymetallic ores - the North Caucasus (Sadon), Kuzbass (Salair), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk deposits) and the Far East Primorye (Dalnegorsk). However, due to the fact that lead and zinc concentrates have a rather high content of useful components, and, consequently, transportability (as opposed to copper concentrates), beneficiation and metallurgical processing are often separated from each other.
A characteristic feature of the lead-zinc industry is the territorial disunity of beneficiation and metallurgical processing. Another important feature of the industry is that, despite the complex composition of raw materials, not all lead and zinc are obtained simultaneously in pure form at the same time. The lead-zinc industry utilizes industrial waste.
4)Nickel-cobalt. Extraction and processing of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral and other building materials.
The nickel-cobalt industry is most closely related to the sources of raw materials, which is due to the low content of intermediate products (matte and matte) obtained in the process of processing the original ores.
In Russia, two types of ores are exploited: sulfide (copper-nickel), which are known on the Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), and oxidized - in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh). The Norilsk region is especially rich in sulfide ores. New sources of raw materials have been identified here (Talnakhskoye and Oktyabrskoye deposits), which makes it possible to further expand the metallurgical processing of nickel.
The Norilsk region is the largest center for the integrated use of copper-nickel ores. The plant operating here, which combines all stages of the technological process - from raw materials to finished products, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum (together with platinoids), copper and some rare metals. By utilizing waste, sulfuric acid, soda and other chemical products are obtained.
5)Tungsten-molybdenum. Mining and beneficiation of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and middlings.
6)Tin. Mining and beneficiation of ore and tin production.
The tin mining industry, in contrast to the nickel-cobalt industry, is represented by territorially separated stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not related to the sources of raw materials. It is focused on the areas of consumption of finished products or is located on the route of concentrates (Novosibirsk). This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, the extraction of raw materials is often dispersed over small deposits, and on the other hand, the enrichment products are highly transportable.
The main resources of tin are located in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Sherlovogorsk, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny, Ese-Haysky and other mining and processing plants operate here. The construction of the first stage of the Deputatsky GOK (Yakutia) is nearing completion.
7)Precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold-bearing ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, recycling of precious metals.
The gold mining industry is one of the oldest in Russia. In 1993, 132.1 tons of gold were produced, which makes our country fifth in the world after South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia. Currently, the share of Russian gold in world production is about 8%. In terms of explored reserves, which are estimated at no less than 5 thousand tons, Russia is significantly inferior only to South Africa, but surpasses Australia and Canada and is on a par with the United States. Domestic deposits are represented by placer, primary (ore) and complex (gold in combination with copper, polymetals, etc.). The main reserves are concentrated in primary deposits, then there are complex and, finally, placer deposits.
Meanwhile, alluvial deposits were always developed most intensively: their development required less money and time in comparison with the indigenous ones. Now they account for about 3/4 of the total production.
Placer gold reserves have significantly decreased by now. In the future, we should expect an increase in the role of primary deposits, which is associated, in particular, with the attraction of foreign capital. One example is the creation of the Russian-Australian JSC Lenzoloto at the famous Bodaibo mines.
The bulk of domestic gold is mined in the Far East (2/3 of the total) and in Eastern Siberia (over 1/4). In the Far East, 2/3 of all production is concentrated in the mines of Yakutia (30.7 tons) and the Magadan region. (28.2 t). In Eastern Siberia, production is also concentrated by 2/3 in the Irkutsk region. (11.7 tons) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory (10.8 tons). The rest of the gold comes from the Urals (5%), where mines appeared much earlier than in other regions of Russia, Western Siberia and the North of the European part.
Also, non-ferrous metallurgy includes diamond mining industry. Diamonds are one of the most important income items for domestic exports. The country receives about $ 1.5 billion annually from their sale. Diamonds are mined in more than 20 countries around the world. Some of them are independent exporters of diamonds, others, including Russia, enter the world market through the South African De Beers cartel. World production of diamonds is 100 million carats (about 20 tons per year), of which at least half is technical. In value terms, their share is only 2%. De Beers produces 50% of gem-quality diamonds, and Russia accounts for 25% of their world production.
Currently, almost all domestic diamonds are mined in Yakutia. In two diamondiferous regions of the river. Several mines operate in Vilyui, including such well-known ones as Yubileiny and Udachny (85% of the total production volume). In the eastern regions of the country, diamonds were also found in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region).
The northwestern part of the Russian platform is very promising. The so-called Zimneberezhnoe kimberlite field (near Arkhangelsk) with several kimberlite pipes and veins was discovered here. According to De Beers experts, the reserves of one of the discovered deposits - named after Lomonosov - amount to at least 250 million carats. The content of gem-quality diamonds in the Pomor pipes is much higher (2-3 carats per 1 ton of rock) than in the mines of Yakutia, and the quality of the Arkhangelsk diamonds is much higher than the South African ones. The Leningrad Region is also potentially diamondiferous. (between Tikhvin and Lodeynoye Pole) and Karelia.
3. Technical and economic indicators of the industry development.
The production of non-ferrous metals in Russia is one of the most important industries for the national economy. This is perhaps the only area where the country determines the situation on the world market: Russia controls up to 20% of the world production of aluminum, 40% of nickel, a significant part of platinoids and copper. In the total industrial production of Russia, non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for 8.9%, and the total turnover of the industry exceeds $ 11 billion per year.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a strictly export-oriented industry. Up to 70% of non-ferrous metals produced in the country leave the country: export of aluminum accounts for 48% of export volumes, nickel - 20%, copper - 12% in value terms. The rest is mostly represented by precious metals produced by Norilsk Nickel.
The industry, which employs about 2% of the country's working-age population, is developing very dynamically. However, so far the efficiency of the industry is determined not by its high manufacturability, but by the low cost of resources, including energy, and the huge reserves of minerals in Russia. That is why non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most prosperous and at the same time most problematic sectors of the economy: it is the first to react to any changes in the macroeconomic situation in the country.
In recent years, the world's largest companies producing nickel and palladium, as well as aluminum - MMC Norilsk Nickel and Rusal, respectively, have been created in non-ferrous metallurgy on the basis of industries inherited from the USSR.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important industries in Russia. Currently, the share of metallurgy in Russia's GDP is about 5%, and in industrial production - 18.3%, including non-ferrous metallurgy 2.8% and 10.2%, respectively. Moreover, the competitiveness of Russian enterprises in a number of non-ferrous metallurgy subsectors is at the level of world leaders, for example, MMC Norilsk Nickel takes the first place in nickel production, the united company Russian Aluminum - the first place in the production of alumina and aluminum, VSMPO-Avisma "- the first place in titanium production. The balance of export-import of non-ferrous metallurgy products in Russia is steadily positive and has recently shown an upward trend. Non-ferrous metallurgy is the second in terms of attracted foreign investment among the sectors of the Russian economy.
4. Factors of placement.
Raw materials (industrial ores are considered to contain copper, nickel, lead, about 1%, tin less than 1%);
Fuel and energy (when placing the production of light metals);
For each branch of non-ferrous metallurgy, the location factor is individual, for example: the aluminum industry - the production of alumina, being material-intensive, gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the production of metal aluminum, being energy-intensive, is focused on the sources of mass and cheap electrical energy; the copper industry, due to the relatively low content of concentrates, is confined (excluding the refining of the crude metal) to the regions with raw material resources; the nickel-cobalt industry is most closely related to the sources of raw materials; tin industry - focused on areas of consumption of finished products or located on the route of concentrates.
5. Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy.
Copper industry - Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blyavinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye and other deposits), Eastern Siberia (Norilsk), Northern region (Monchegorsk).
Nickel-cobalt industry - Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh), Norilsk region (Talnakh and Oktyabrskoe deposits).
Lead-zinc industry - Vladikavkaz, Belovo, Dalnegorsk, Chelyabinsk.
Tin industry - Eastern Siberia, the Far East.
Aluminum industry - Ural (Krasnoturyinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky), North-Western region (Boksitogorsk, Pikalevo), Eastern Siberia (Achinsk).
Gold mining industry - the Far East, Eastern Siberia.
The diamond mining industry is the Republic of Sakha.
6. Features of modern development and prospects.
In recent years, there has been a decrease in the capacity of the domestic market, a complication of the situation in the external market, a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic non-ferrous metallurgy products caused by the outstripping growth in prices for products of natural monopolies and insufficient investment in the renewal of means of production.
The prospects for the development of the metallurgical industry are primarily associated with the expansion of demand for its products in the domestic market. The revival of the domestic market may be caused by the need to renew fixed assets and the growth of production and investment in metal-consuming industries - mechanical engineering, construction, the fuel and energy complex. The growth in demand for non-ferrous metals is also associated with an increase in demand for fourth-stage products: aluminum, copper, titanium, and brass rolled products.
Despite the expected growth in demand on the domestic market, non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia will remain an export-oriented industry in the next decade. Currently, Russian enterprises are being squeezed out of the markets for metal products with high added value. The pressure from third countries (primarily China, India, Brazil) is increasing in the markets for low-value-added metal products. In the long term, in order to maintain high export volumes of Russian metal products and deeper integration into the world economy, it is necessary to achieve a significant increase in the competitiveness of domestic products.
The main directions of the development of metallurgy are associated with the production of advanced types of products, the improvement of the technological structure of production, an increase in labor productivity, and institutional changes.
The production of progressive types of products is associated with innovation and investment activities at all levels. This allows us to update our production potential, to ensure the release of new and old types of products with reduced consumption of raw materials, energy and compliance with environmental protection standards.
On the basis of innovations, the production structure of the metallurgical complex should also be improved. In non-ferrous metallurgy, hydrometallurgical processes should also be more widely used as more ecological, allowing the processing of low-quality products and increasing the complexity of the use of raw materials. The reduction and modernization of ineffective industries should lead to an increase in labor productivity, which is currently significantly lower than at foreign enterprises. Shifts in the structure of production should be accompanied by changes in the organizational sphere - institutional transformations. The main direction is the creation of vertically integrated structures. Meanwhile, the industry should also retain highly specialized enterprises, in particular, those producing high-tech products for special purposes.
List of used literature
1. Yurkova T.I. "Economics of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy", Krasnoyarsk, 2004.
2. Arbatov A. Mineral and raw materials complex of Russia in the transition period // Economic Issues. - 2007.
3. Klotsvog F., Kournikova I. Resource potential of the subjects of the Federation and its use // The Economist. - 2007.
4. Sokolov V.M. Nonferrous metallurgy of Siberia in market conditions // Region: economics and sociology. - 2006.
Metals are called non-ferrous metals that do not contain iron in significant quantities. These are alloys based on copper, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, lead and zinc. Copper provides high thermal and electrical conductivity, copper-zinc alloy (brass) is used as an inexpensive corrosion-resistant material, copper-tin alloy (bronze) provides structural strength.
Nickel-copper alloys have high corrosion resistance, nickel-chromium alloys have high thermal resistance, nickel-molybdenum alloys are resistant to hydrochloric acid. Aluminum alloys have high corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity. Magnesium-based alloys are very light, but not very strong, titanium-based alloys are tough and lightweight. All these varieties of non-ferrous metals and alloys are widely used in industry, aircraft construction, instrument making, and for the production of household items.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that is engaged in the extraction, processing and processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Non-ferrous metal ores have a very complex composition, which is different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit in different areas of ore mining. Common polymetallic ores are composed of lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, selenium, cadmium, bismuth, and other rare metals.
The main task of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is to identify and separate metals, while the ore can go through several dozen stages of processing. The main components can be processed at the mining site, others - at specialized enterprises, noble, rare and trace metals are extracted from ore at specialized plants by refining non-ferrous metals.
In the Russian Federation, there are deposits of ores of almost all non-ferrous metals. Copper ores are mined mainly in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Urals. Aluminum is mined in the Urals, in Western Siberia (Novokuznetsk), (Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk,). Lead-zinc deposits are developed in the North (Sadon), in (Nerchinsk), in the Far East (Dalnegorsk). Magnesium ores are widely found in the Urals and Eastern Siberia. Deposits of titanium ores are found in the Urals, in Western Siberia. Deposits of copper-nickel and oxidized ores are concentrated on the peninsula (Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nickel), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk), in the Urals (Rezhskoe, Ufaleiskoe, Orskoe).
At present, it is the leader in terms of reserves and nickel, has significant reserves of titanium, platinoids, copper, lead, zinc, silver and other non-ferrous metals. The largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are MMC Norilsk Nickel, JSC Uralelectromed, the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, and the Novgorod Metallurgical Plant.
According to INFOLine analysts, in 2007-2011, the production capacity of Russian metallurgical enterprises will significantly increase: for the production of alumina - by more than 30%, primary aluminum - by more than 25%, refined copper - by more than 35%, zinc - more than 50%.