Study and assessment of the natural conditions of Southern Siberia. Evaluation of natural conditions. I. Organizational moment

Summary of other presentations

"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District" - Nenets Falsis. Settlement of the territory of the district. Geographic terms. Ural language family. Types of economic activity Khanty. High level development of reindeer herding. Housing Khanty. Economy. Use various sources of geographic information. To introduce students with the history of the development and study of the territory of YanaA. Sophia. Sellocks. Support knowledge. Selkup settlements. Yuzhnosibirsk forest-steppe.

"The Red Book of the Omsk Region" - Pelican Pink. Breamer. Mole. Mole Altai. Red Book of the Omsk Region. Red Book of the Russian Federation. Sections of the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Nelma. Yozh eared. Gagara Chernochaya. History of the Red Book. Strengthening the independence of local authorities. Red books are far from all regions of Russia. Siberian siege. The need to protect rare biological species. Pelican curly.

"Ecology of Ugra" - superficial waters. Population size. System of software events. Strategic goals of environmental policy. Atmospheric air. Department of Ecology of the Autonomous Okrug. Environmental policy of the government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. State environment in Surgut. Motion diagram MSW. Ensuring coordination and interaction. Placing solid household waste. Government measures of Ugra.

"Development of KHMAO" - the deductions of oil and gas companies. Tax and tariff load. Dynamics of world oil prices. Dependence of the development of the economy. The main results of implementation. Participation of oil companies. Major trends. Basic sector. Internal conditions. Optimization of the tax and tariff load. Scenarios of the socio-economic development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Migration mobility. Reducing the share of the population.

KhMAO Red Book - Mushrooms. Regional red books. Tymen. Saprotrophic mushrooms. Fish. Beaver. Acquaintance with the Red Book KhMAO. Gray crane. Tugun. Types of mammals and birds. Lynx. Perch. Study of Ornithofauna. Red Book. The range of reindeer. Nelma. The woods.

"Geography of Western Siberia" - Western Siberia. Climate. Summer and steppe zone. Geographical position. All Siberia is generous and rich. Inland waters. Tundra, which occupies the most northern part of the Tyumen region. About 80% of the Western Siberia Square is located within the West Siberian Plain. The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain is divided into subzones. Stone berry. Based on the territory of the territory there is a young platform. Nor Yar, or Paddy.

Topic 3. Asian Russia (East Macroregion)

Geographical position. Large area of \u200b\u200bterritory and small degree of study and disadvantage, weak settlement. Concentration of the main part of the population in the south.

Variety of natural conditions. Wealth natural resources. The focal nature of the production of production, its raw material, mining orientation. Weak development of processing industries. The difficulties of organizing the production and life of the population in extreme conditions.

Western Siberia. Composition of the area. Geographical location in the west of the Asian part of Russia, between the Urals and Yeniseem.

West Siberian Plain is one of the largest lowland plains of the globe. Her position on the young epipaleozoic plate and the features of the formation of the relief. Kara Sea. Climate and inland water. Strong wetland. The pronounced zonality of nature from the tundr to the steppes. Zone of the North and its meaning. The dominance of medieval and high mountains in the south of Western Siberia. Basins, separating mountains. Contrast of climatic conditions. High resistance.

Agroclimatic resources. Evaluation of natural conditions for the life and life of a person.

Indigenous peoples (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, etc.). Disproportions in the area and in the population of Western Siberia. Scientific centers and future technopolis.

Wealth and variety of natural resources: mineral, forest, fodder, fur, water, fish. Orientation of the economy for the extraction and processing of own resources. The oil and gas chemical complex is the basis of the area of \u200b\u200bthe area. Features of its structure and placement. The largest Russian oil and gas companies. Pipeline system. The main directions of transportation of oil and gas. AIC: development of the territory, agricultural areas and their specialization. Main types of transport. Trans-Siberian Mainer, Ob River, Tyumen Railway - Surgut - Yamburg. Modern problems and prospects for the development of leading industries. The main geographical focuses of the economic, social and environmental problems of Western Siberia.

Practical work. Studying and evaluation of the natural conditions of the West Siberian district for the life and life of a person.

North Eastern Siberia. Composition of the area. Geographical location east of Yenisei. The role of the Lena River and the Northern Sea Route. Sea: Kara, Laptev, East Siberian. Russian researchers of the northern seas.

A variety of tectonic structure and relief. Features of the relief and geological structure of medium-grained plateaus. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, diamonds, stone and brown coal, chemical raw materials. Cropped continental climate, temperature inversion, long-term permafrost. The influence of climate and many years of milling on the features of the relief, water network and soil and vegetable cover. Forest resources.

Great Siberian rivers: their water, nutrition, mode, energy and water resources. Taiga is the main natural zone. High-rise lower Steppen Kotlovin. Land and agroclimatic resources. APK: Features of the structure and development in extreme conditions. Hunting objects and hunting grounds. Other crafts in the region. The largest reserves. The discrepancy between natural wealth and human resources, the way to solve it. Indigenous peoples, features of their life and life, problems.

The historical features of the settlement of the Russians. Orthodox Opening of the copper-nickel-cobalt province. The foundation of Norilsk.

Fuel and energy complex - the basis of the farm territory. Angaro-Yenisei Cascade HPP. Development of energy-intensive industries: non-ferrous metallurgy and pulp and paper industry, main centers and development prospects. The role of the conversion of MIC enterprises in the region of the region. Prospects for the development of industry.

Features of construction in the conditions of many years of permanent. Environmental problems of the area.

Yakut diamonds, peaceful city.

Prospects for transport development of the area. Amuro-Yakut highway. Water and aviation transport. Influence of transport routes on population placement. The largest cultural and historical, industrial, transport centers.

Natural and economic areas: Pooutan and medium-grained plateore. The main economic, social and environmental problems of the district.

Practical work. 1. Suitable characteristics of the Norilsk industrial assembly (geographical position, natural conditions and resources, a set of industries and their relationship, industrial centers). 2. Evaluation of the nature of the nature of the region from the standpoint of human living conditions in rural areas and the city.

South Siberia. Composition of the area. Geographical position: in the strip of the mountains of southern Siberia, along the Trans-Siberian highway. Transport links with border states: China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Communication with the north of Yenisei and Lena. BAM

Mining systems of South Siberia. Folded-bully mountains: Altai, Salair Kryazh, Kuznetsky Alatau, Sayan. Mountains Baikalia and Transbaikalia.

The upper currents of large Siberian rivers: Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. Hydrophetergic value of rivers. Features and problems of Baikal.

Sharply continental climate. "Polyus cold" northern hemisphere. Temperature inversion. Multi-year permanent.

Natural resources: Mineral, Forest.

Domestic differences: Kuznetsco-Altai, Angaro-Yenisei, Transbaikal Podryons.

Kuznetsko-Altai Subarea. Stages of settlement and development. Creation of the Trans-Siberian Highway. Kuzbass, his problems. Novosibirsk - Scientific Center.

Angaro-Yenisei subarea. Kansky-Achinsky pool. Hydroresources. Formation of the Angaro-Yenisei TPP and TPK. Settlement of the territory. Migration and problems of labor resources. Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, closed defense centers. Problems of Development of Subarea.

Transbaikali subarea. Mountain systems, earthquakes, Baikal rift zone. Natural resources: Colored and rare earth metals, coal. Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chita region. Prospects for the development of the Bama zone.

The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. Compilation of the comparative characteristics of South Siberia subseynies.

Far East. Composition of the area. Features of geographical and geopolitical position: strong meridional stretch, presence of mainland, peninsular and island parts.

Stages of development of the territory, Russian landowners in the XVII century, the establishment of Russian-Chinese and Russian-Japanese borders.

Geological youth of the territory. The predominance of mountains. Tectonic mobility of the territory: frequent earthquakes and volcanism, fruitry, tsunami. Valley of geysers, thermal sources. Strip of Pacific Metalline Belt: deposits of ores of colored, rare and precious metals. District specialization industry - mining and enrichment of non-ferrous metals ores. Fields of oil and gas on Sakhalin and shelf.

Mind of the area and population area. Uneven population location. Relative youth of the population. Migration, the need for labor resources. Indigenous peoples: life, culture, traditions, problems.

Mussionous climate of the Pacific coast. Climatic contrasts of the North and South. Large density and full-breeding river network. Floods and floods. Hydroresours and HPP. The influence of the seaside position on the shift of the boundaries of natural zones to the south. Giantism plants. Characteristics of tundra and forest zone. Ussuri Taiga is a unique natural complex. Forestry and pulp and paper production. The wealth of the seas of the Pacific Bioresurs. Salmon fish. Fish processing complex. Prospects for the development and problems of oceanic economy in the East of the region.

Auxiliary industries: electric power, oil refining, ship repair. Industry of the military-industrial complex. Transport network of the Far East. Favorable soil and agroclimatic resources of the south of the territory. Agro-industrial complex. Far East in the System of the Asia-Pacific region. Integration with ATP countries. Problems of free economic zones. Internal differences and cities. Vladivostok - shopping, industrial, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. 1. Allocation on the map of industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East. 2. Educational discussion: Free Economic Zones of the Far East - Problems and Prospects for Development.

Topic 4.Russia in modernworld

Russia and the CIS countries. Geography of new abroad states. Evaluation of their historical, economic and ethnocultural ties with Russia. Relationships of Russia with other countries of the world.

The learning material learned is implemented using the main groups training methods And their combinations:

    Methods of organizing and implementing educational activities: verbal (story, learning lecture, conversation), visual (illustrative and demonstration), practical, problem-searching under the guidance of the teacher and independent work of students.

    Methods of stimulating and motivating training activities: cognitive games, business games.

    Methods of control and self-control for the effectiveness of training activities: an individual survey, frontal survey, selective control, written works.

The degree of activity and independence of students increases with the use of explanatory-illustrative, partially search (heuristic), problem presentation, research training methods.

The following are used means of education:

    educational and visual benefits (tables, posters, maps, etc.),

    organizational and pedagogical means (cards, tickets, distributing material).

    ICT and Cabinet Resources

Planned results:

    Call and (or) Show:

    item to study the geography of Russia;

    fixed assets and methods for obtaining geographic information:

    subjects of the Russian Federation;

    border states;

    features of the geographical position, the size of the territory, the length of the marine and land borders of Russia;

    the boundaries of time zones:

    the main geological era, the structures of the earth's crust, seismically dangerous territories;

    climate-forming factors, weather features in cyclones and anticyclones;

    distribution of countries in the ocean pools;

    the main areas of modern glaciation and major glaciers:

    zonal types of soils, their main properties, examples of land aelioration in different zones and regions;

    main types of natural resources and examples of their rational and irrational use;

    the most important natural and economic facilities of the country, including centers: industrial, transport, scientific and information, financial, trade, recreational, cultural and historical, districts of new development, old industrial and depressive:

    peoples, the most common languages, religion;

    examples of rational and non-rational placement of production;

    objects of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of Russia (UNESCO List);

    areas subject to natural natural phenomena (droughts, floods, villages, earthquakes, etc.);

    environmentally unfavorable areas of Russia:

    routes and territories of reproductors and researchers of the territory of Russia.

2. Determine (measure):

    geographical position of objects;

    the difference in the existence of territories;

    weather on the synoptic map;

    parameters of natural and socio-economic objects and phenomena on various sources of information.

3. Describe:

    geographical position of the country, individual regions and geographical objects, its types (economic and geographical, geopolitical, etc.);

    images of natural objects, including one of the districts of new industrial, agricultural, urban, transport or recreational construction;

    features of life and religion of individual peoples.

4. Explain:

    the role of geographical knowledge in solving socio-economic, environmental problems

  • the influence of the geographical situation on the characteristics of nature, household and life of the population of Russia;

    education and placement of relief forms, patterns of placement of the largest mineral deposits;

    the formation of atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, their impact on the weather, the formation of smog;

    the influence of the climate on life, life, economic activity of man;

    how the weather forecast is made up;

    the spread of many years of permits, its impact on the state of natural complexes and the development of the territory of the person;

    soil-forming processes, peculiarities of plant and animal world of natural zones;

    the reasons for the occurrence of dangerous natural phenomena, their distribution in the country;

    a variety of natural complexes in the country;

    differences in the natural population growth, the rates of its growth and the level of urbanization of individual territory, the directions of migration, education and development of various forms of urban and rural settlement;

    a change in proportions between spheres, sectors, inter-sectoral complexes and industries in the structure of the economy, features of the placement of the main branches of the economy and the main specialization of areas, factors and conditions for the placement of enterprises;

    features of nature, population, households of individual regions, differences in the levels of their socio-economic development;

    the role of the geographical factor in the development of human society on the example of the Russian Federation;

    the uniqueness and universal value of nature monuments and culture;

    causes of changes in natural and economic complexes of regions;

    features of labor tools, means of movement, housing, types of economic activity arising as a result of a person's adaptation to the environment in different geographical conditions;

    explain the reasons for geographical phenomena based on the application of concepts: "Geological Soultrand"; "Cyclone", "Anticyclone", "Solar Radiation", "evaporation", "evaporation"; "Melioration": "agglomeration"; "Megapolis"; "Labor resources"; "concentration"; "Specialization"; "COOPERING"; "Combination"; "Fuel and energy balance"; "Intensive" and "extensive" path of development of the economy.

    Evaluate and predict:

    natural resource potential of the country, region;

    environmental situation in the country, region

    changes in natural and socio-economic objects under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

    changes in population number, changes in the relationship between urban and rural population, the development of the system of urban settlements;

    development and problems of the economy of the country's districts, their region and its locality

Mandatory practical work to perform a course "Geography of Russia. Nature, population, economy "

8th grade

    "Comparative characteristic of GP of Russia, USA and Canada." Designation on the contour map of countries - neighbors of Russia.

    "Determination of the reasons for different populated cities of Russia"

    "Analysis of the administrative and territorial division of Russia"

    "Detection of the relationship of the structure of the earth's crust, relief and minerals"

    "Drawing up a climate map on specified values"

    "Evaluation of the climate of the region of Russia as factor farming and living conditions of people"

    "Comparative characteristics of the rivers of the European and Asian parts of the country"

    "Determination of the relationship of water sushi, relief and climate"

    "Assessment of water resources of the country's territories"

    "Characteristics of soil resources of its locality"

    "Characteristics of natural and community zones. The relationships and interdependence of the components of the nature and life and economic activity of a person on the example of one of the natural-economic zones ".

    "Comparative characteristics of the age of age in the population of Russia regions"

    "Characteristics of the peculiarities of the population of Russia"

Grade 9.

    "Analysis of economic cards to determine the types of territorial structure of the economy"

    "Comparison of the natural resource potential of various regions of Russia"

    "Drawing up the characteristics of one of the oil basins on cards and statistical materials"

    "Drawing up the characteristics of one of the coal basins on maps and statistical materials"

    "Determination of the main areas of placement of industries of labor-intensive and metal machinery on cards"

    "Determination by cards and ecological and climatic indicators of growing grain and technical crops"

    "Determination of the main districts of animal husbandry"

    "Designation on a contour map of natural, geographic areas, subjects of the Russian Federation. Comparison of them in various indicators (sizes of the territory, borders, population, etc.)

    "Comprehensive characteristics of the economic district on the example of the Urals"

    "Detection and analysis of conditions for the development of the economy of the regions of the region"

    "Comparison of GP districts and its influence on nature, the lives of people and farms"

    "Detection of the level of socio-economic development of Russia and the place of Russia in the world based on the analysis of various sources of information"

Criteria and standards for assessing knowledge of students:

Oral answer.

Evaluation "5."put if the student:

    Shows a deep and complete knowledge and understanding of the entire volume of the software material; a complete understanding of the essence of the concepts under consideration, phenomena and patterns, theories, relationships;

    Knows how to draw up a complete and correct answer based on the material studied; allocate the main provisions, independently confirm the answer to specific examples, facts; Alone and argued to make analysis, generalizations, conclusions. Installing interdisciplinary (based on previously acquired knowledge) and in-service communication, creatively applied knowledge gained in an unfamiliar situation. Consistently, clearly, connected, reasonably and unmistakably express the educational material; give an answer in a logical sequence using accepted terminology; draw your own conclusions; formulate accurate definition and interpretation of basic concepts, laws, theories; When responding, the textbook text is not repeated; express material with a literary language; Correctly and thoroughly respond to additional teacher questions. Independently and rationally use visual benefits, reference materials, textbook, additional literature, primary sources; apply a symbol system when conducting records accompanying the answer; use to prove conclusions from observations and experiments;

    Alone, confidently and unmistakably applies the knowledge gained in solving problems at the creative level; admits no more than one shortcoming, which easily corrects at the request of the teacher; has the necessary skills to work with devices, drawings, schemes and schedules, accompanying the answer; The entries accompanying the answer comply with the requirements.

    good knowledge of cards and use of it, the right solution of geographical tasks.

Evaluation "4" put if the student:

    Shows the knowledge of the entire studied software material. Gives a complete and correct answer based on the theories studied; Minor errors and shortcomings in the reproduction of the material studied, definitions of concepts gave incomplete, small inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations from observations and experiments; The material sets out in a certain logical sequence, while it allows one non-bug or no more than two shortcomings and can fix them on their own when demanding or with a small help of the teacher; basically learned the training material; confirms the answer to specific examples; Correctly answers additional teacher questions.

    Knows how to independently allocate the main provisions in the material studied; On the basis of the facts and examples, to generalize, draw conclusions, to establish insecurity. Apply the knowledge gained in practice in a modified situation, comply with the basic rules of culture of oral speech and accompanying written, use scientific terms;

    Basically, the definitions of concepts are properly given and scientific terms are used;

    Answer independent;

    The presence of inaccuracies in the presentation of geographical material;

    Definitions of concepts are incomplete, minor violations of the sequence of presentation are admitted, small inaccuracies when using scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations;

    Connected and consistent presentation; With the help of leadership, teachers are filled with passes made;

    The presence of specific representations and the elementary real concepts of studied geographical phenomena;

    Understanding major geographical relationships;

    Knowledge of the card and the ability to use it;

    When solving geographic tasks, secondary errors are made.

Rating "3" put if the student:

    Learned the main content of the educational material, has gaps in the assimilation of the material that are not preventing the further absorption of the software;

    The material sets out fragmentary, not always sequentially;

    Shows the lack of individual knowledge and skills; Conclusions and generalizations argues weakly, makes errors in them.

    I made mistakes and inaccuracies in the use of scientific terminology, the definitions of concepts gave not enough clearly;

    Did not use conclusions and generalizations from observations, facts, experiments or made mistakes as proof;

    It is difficult to apply the knowledge necessary to solve problems of various types, with the explanation of specific phenomena based on theories and laws, or in confirmation of specific examples of the practical application of theories;

    It is incomplete to the teacher's questions (omitting and main), or reproduces the content of the textbook text, but does not sufficiently understand the individual provisions that are important in this text;

    Detects an insufficient understanding of individual provisions when playing the text of the textbook (records, primary sources) or is incomplete to the teacher's questions, allowing one to two rough mistakes.

    Weak knowledge of the geographical nomenclature, the lack of practical skills of work in the field of geography (inability to use the compass, scale, etc.);

    Scarce geographical performances prevail formalistic knowledge;

    Knowledge of the card is insufficient, showing it into it;

    Only with the help of leading questions, the student catches geographical connections.

Rating "2" put if the student:

    Did not care and did not reveal the main content of the material;

    Does not make conclusions and generalizations.

    Does not know and does not understand the significant or main part of the software material within the questions issued;

    It has weakly formed and incomplete knowledge and does not know how to apply them to solve specific issues and tasks on the sample;

    When answering (one question) allows more than two gross errors that cannot be corrected even with the help of a teacher.

    There are gross errors in the use of the card.

The rating "1" is set if the student:

    Can not answer any of the questions issued;

    Did not fully assimilate the material .

Note.At the end of the oral response, the student teacher gives a brief response analysis, a motivated assessment is announced. It is possible to attract other students to analyze the response, self-analysis, the assessment of the assessment.

Evaluation of the quality of practical and independent work on geography.

Mark "5"

Practical or independent work is fully fulfilled in compliance with the required sequence. Students worked completely independently: sources of knowledge necessary for the fulfillment of the proposed works have shown theoretical knowledge, practical skills and skills necessary for practical and independent works.

The work is taken carefully, in the form optimal for fixing the results.

The form of fixing materials can be proposed by a teacher or chosen by the students themselves.

Mark "4"

Practical or independent work was performed by students in full and independently.

A deviation is allowed from the necessary sequence of execution that does not affect the correctness of the final result (the permutation of the items of the standard plan when the characteristics of individual territories or countries, etc.).

The sources of knowledge specified by the teacher are used, including atlas pages, tables from the application to the textbook, pages from statistical collections. The work showed knowledge of the main theoretical material and mastering the skills necessary for independent performance.

Inaccuracies are allowed and negligence in the design of the results of work.

Mark "3"

Practical work was performed and decorated with students with the help of a teacher or well-trained and already fulfilled by students in "excellent". There is a long time to perform work (you can make it possible to finish the work of the house). Students showed knowledge of theoretical material, but experienced difficulties in self-work with atlas maps, statistical materials, geographical tools.

Mark "2"

Exhibited in the case when students were not prepared for the fulfillment of this work. The results obtained do not allow to make the right conclusions and completely disagree with the goal. Poor knowledge of theoretical material and the absence of necessary skills was found. Guide and assistance from the teacher and well-trained students are ineffective due to poor student training.

8th grade

    Textbook "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyev. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009.

    Notebook-simulator "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". E.Yu. Mishnyaev, N.V. Olkhova, S.V. Bunkers. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2011

    Notebook-examiner "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.V. Drums. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Illustrated Atlas "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8-9 class. " V.P. Drones. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Contour cards "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". OG Kotlyar. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Purchasing thematic planning "Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Author-compiler: N.V. Tarasova / Edited by V.P. Dronova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009.

Grade 9.

    Textbook "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyev. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Notebook-simulator "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "E.S. Khodov, N.V. Olchova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Notebook-examiner "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "V.V. Drums. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Illustrated Atlas "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. 8-9 class "V.P. Drones. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2006.

    Contour cards "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. Grade 9 »Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Purchasing thematic planning "Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. Grade 9 »N.V. Olchova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

    Geography. Navigator. Materials to help the teacher. 6-9 classes. Manual for teachers of general education institutions. Edited by V.P. Dronova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009

Additional literature:

1. Drones V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8: studies. For the hostels. institutions / V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyev; Ros. Acad. Science, Ros. Acad. Education, Publishing House "Enlightenment". - M.: Enlightenment, 2008. - 159 p. (Spheres)

Digital educational resources:

1. Big Cyril Encyclopedia and Methodius.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature and population. Multi-General Geography for 8 Class. Authors: Dronov V.P., Savelieva L.E., Plyunnube V.B.

3. The lessons of the geography of Cyril and Methodius.

4. Big Encyclopedia of Russia. Nature and geography of Russia.

Internet resources:

1. - Section "Geography" in Wikipedia Encyclopedia (free encyclopedia).

Geography Russia: Nature, population, farm. 8 class. - M.: Drop, 2010. 2.Sirotin V.I. Geography Russia. 8 class. Working Notebook with a set of contour cards. - M.: Drop, 2011. 3. Geography Russia. 8 cl ...

  • Explanatory note This work program is based on: standard of primary general education in geography (basic level) 2008

    Explanatory note

    Explanatory note This working program Compiled on the basis of: standard of basic general education geography (a basic level of...

  • Working program Subject: Geography of Russia. Nature and population. Economy and Geographic Areas Class 8

    Working programm

    Year Explanatory NOTE Geography Russia. Nature and population. Farm and economic areas. Edited by A.I.Alekseeva, 136 hours 8-9 classes Geography Russia studied in 8-9 classesAnd on ...

    • Natural conditions and natural resources of any country are, as a rule, the main component of the potential, determines the possibility of developing the country. For their integrated country studies, a standard characteristic plan is applied: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation, animal world, natural zones, etc. In addition to the general object of the study, integrated country studies considers the relationship between the integrity, economy and the population.

    To determine the natural conditions, resources and natural environment in terms of country, it is necessary to repel from the system of concepts related to the interaction of society and nature, the main of which are the concepts of "nature", "Geographic Obolon ka ", "Geographical Society", "Natural", "Environment".

    Natural resources - These are the components of nature, which at the level of the development of productive forces are used or can be used as means of production (objects and equipment) and consumer items.

    Natural resources can be used:

    As waters (land, waterways, water for irrigation)

    As energy sources (fuel resources, water stream energy, wind)

    Like raw materials and materials (mineral raw materials, forest reserves, technological water resources);

    As consumer items (fruits of wild plants, industrial fauna, drinking water).

    Natural resources classify:

    According to the criterion of natural genesis, highlighting mineral, water, land, biological, climatic resources;

    According to the method of use, based on the polyteconical allocation of resources to sources of means of production and consumption items, followed by details.

    In the main way of using nature, five groups of industries and types of economic activities are distinguished: 1) the resource use industry - rural, forestry, water management and hydropower, which use nature as a means of production; 2) sectors of the extractive industry, water consumption and crafts that use nature as a source of finished labor and consumption; 3) the manufacturing industry, infrastructure, public utilities, which use nature to accommodate their production and warehouse; 4) recreation, health care and sports, the vital activity of the population (especially rural), which use nature as a living condition; 5) The field of the experimental and protected economy, the science that use nature as a polygon for research to preserve its future generations.

    Evaluation of natural conditions and resources

    Evaluation is a special form of reflection of reality. Value is the place of the object in public practice. In science there are descriptive (descriptive) and evaluation studies. Descriptive scientific laws describe causal relations in nature and society, without assessing them. And evaluation studies give characteristics, determine what is good, poor or indifferent for a person. In economic and social geography is both descriptive and estimated judgments.

    Thus, the assessment is a subjective image of an objective reality, that is, it reflects the interaction of the subject and objective reality (object).

    In scientific and practical activities related to the decision of social and economic problems, the concept of choice is played, which is formed on the basis of estimates. It is possible to define such concepts such as natural conditions, resources and environment, only considering who or for which they are used, therefore, their assessment is based on knowledge of both the object (nature) and the subject.

    In the logic of estimates, four components are distinguished: subject; an object;

    character; the foundation.

    Consider links between these components:

    Subject-object. Depending on the tasks of public life

    eliminate such estimates:

    1) Natural Complex - Technical System (Technological Evaluation)

    2) Natural Complex - Economy (Economic Evaluation)

    3) Natural complex - man (medical and biological, socio-ecological, aesthetic, recreational ratings).

    Character. Estimates are divided into absolute and comparative. For the formulation of the first, it is used, for example, the terms "good", "bad", and to formulate comparative ratings - "better", "worse."

    The foundation. Describing the position (scientific basis), on which the estimated considerations are based. For example, by the mid 50s. Naturalistic estimates were distributed in the studies of natural conditions and resources. Denied the legitimacy of the monetary assessment of natural resources, since it was believed that nature lies outside the labor process and is not a product of labor. It is obvious that the gifts of the labor of labor do not need, but significant labor costs are needed to process and storage. Therefore, the monetary assessment of natural resources is possible and necessary.

    Technological, according to which, for example, the forest is primarily the wood source of wood, came to replace naturalistic estimates. The dominance of technological assessments is due to the fact that technological, natural relations prevailed in the country, and there were practically no value relations, there were also no market mechanisms capable of ensuring relatively rational use of natural resources.

    With market relations and concerns about the long-term consequences of the use of nature, various types of economic (value) ratings were distributed: 1) based on the calculation of the rent; 2) at the cost of restoration of natural resources and the natural environment; 3) in terms of expenditures on research, development and operation.

    The value of natural resources, according to environmentalists and some economists, does not coincide with the cost categories or price. It should be a category of historical associated with public needs, the level of development of productive forces, scientific and technical progress, to emerge from strategic interests. Supporters of the theory of adaptation are suitable for the problem even more radically, believing that the parameters of the planned economic growth must be adapted to nature, given the natural, including the environmental, the capacity of the territory, and not to turn nature in accordance with the requirements of this growth.

    The state of the natural environment of Russia has an unfavorable (favorable) impact on health, residence and labor activity of the population. The area of \u200b\u200bthe territory was conducted according to the degree of manifestation of the main natural factors - cold, heat, moisturizing, height of the terrain, natural phenomena.

    Zonal factors (indicators): Astronomical (duration of the day and night); radiation (ultraviolet insufficiency-redundancy); cold (sum of negative air temperatures, the duration of the period with a temperature below -30 ° C, the duration of the heating period); freezed (the power of the seasonal layer); heat (duration of the smokery period, the sum of temperatures over a period of resistant temperatures above + 10 ° C); moisturity of the territory (vegetation index); wind (humid wind cooling index Hill); variability (rms deviation of daily pressure values).

    Azonal factors (indicators): mountain (terrain); Wetlafication (relative root of territories); natural phenomena (, flooding,).

    Natural living conditions of the population are characterized by a quantitative integral assessment (in the form of points). The specified gradations of points reflect the change in the degree of adverse advocacy (favorable) of natural conditions for life.

    Extreme climatic conditions

    Climatic extremes are the most important factor in the living conditions of people, since they create prerequisites for emergency situations. The readiness of society to reduce their consequences depends on the knowledge of the combinations of climate extremes possible in this area. Extremely high or low, strong wind, intense sediments are selected as the main indicators. Selected territories with maximum (maximum water equivalent in the average long-term greater than 200 mm), which are also a factor contributing to the occurrence of dangerous climatic and hydrological phenomena. The proposed zoning is based on combinations of extremums observed on one or another territory, without taking into account their coincidence or mismatch over time.

    Extremely high temperatures threaten stressful thermal loads on the human body, which cannot be removed even with a complete complex of hygienic and town planning activities (clothing, planning of the territory, irrigation, landscaping, etc.). During periods of high temperatures, in the context of Russia, we usually accompany the absence of precipitation, the threat of droughts, as well as plant (forest, peat, steppe) and other fires arise. As the criterion of high temperatures for the zoning, the average perennial number of days a year (equal or more than 5 days) is selected with a maximum temperature greater than or equal to + 30 ° C. Extremely high summer temperatures are observed more than a third of Russia (33.5%).

    Extremely low temperatures threaten the frostbite of people outdoors, violating systems of operation of buildings and working conditions, lead to deep freezing of soil. The criterion of extremely low temperatures is medium (approximately with a probability of 1 time in 2 years) from the annual absolute minima of temperature (- 40 ° C) and below. The territory with extremely low temperatures in winter covers approximately three-quarters of the country's territory (74.3%).

    Extremely intense precipitates threaten difficult to predictable rain floods on rivers, flooding urban areas due to overflow of drainage systems, flooding, leading to the death of plants and soil flushing, erosion of roads, landslides, storm villages. As a criterion for zoning, the likelihood of precipitation of equal or exceeding 50 mm / day is not less than 1 time in 10 years. Extreme precipitates are observed on one fifth of the country's territory (22.1%).

    Extremely strong wind threatens disruption of communications (LEP, etc.), breaking roofs of buildings, harboring trees, dangerous storms on water, etc. Such a wind enhances the action of the cold to the human body and dries the ground with hot dry. Especially strong winds occur during passage arising in intensive convective clouds on cold fronts over a warm surface. Wind squalls and hurricanes may be accompanied by the death of people. As a criterion for zoning, the probability of registration is selected into one of the meteorological terms of observations, wind speed 20 m / s and above at least 1 time in 10 years. Extremely strong winds are celebrated almost in half the territory of the country (47.9%).

    The diversity of the natural conditions of Russia determines the existence of 50 geographical areas in its territory, where all possible 16 combinations of four types of extremums (one, two, three or all four, including their complete absence) are found. A homogeneous climatic extremums on a set of climatic extremes are detected at a considerable distance from each other and often differ in the average climatic characteristics. Dedicated areas are heterogeneous in size - from several million square kilometers reaching sections in the first tens of thousand square kilometers and less.

    Region of the territory of the North of Russia

    The vital activity of the population of the North of Russia is influenced by many adverse factors of natural, biomedical and socio-economic nature. According to their sense, the most important is natural-climatic discomfort, which reflects the adverse effects of the natural environment on human health, its accommodation and labor activity.
    To the north of Russia, there is a phasery territory with increasing with latitude natural climatic discomfort. Indicators of the natural climatic factor deteriorate in the direction of the threshold (northern) values \u200b\u200bon the southern border of the territory to high latitudes. The combination of thresholds form the southern border of the North. Criteria for determining the threshold northern indicators serve zonal landscapes according to the classification of A.G.Ischenko, in which the period with uncomfortable conditions for life prevails during the year.

    The landscape approach is also applied to the differentiation of the territory of the North of Russia to the zones of natural climatic discomfort. The absolutely uncomfortable area includes arctic, mountainous in and northern landscapes. Forestry, North-Neck, Mid-Neck Middle Landscapes The landscapes represent an extremely uncomfortable area. And, finally, the northern part of the southern Eastern European and West Siberian, South Taiga, Eastern Siberian Landscapes in the southern taiga form the uncomfortable zone of the North.

    The absolutely uncomfortable area is characterized by polar night, a period of ultraviolet deficiency is about 6-7 months, the sum of negative temperatures from 1400 to 7000 ° C, the temperature period is below -30 ° C from 5 to 170 days, the air temperature period is below 5 ° C - More than 300 days, the spread of the zone solid in the Asian part of the zone and intermittent in the European and its weak tapering, the largest weather stiffener index of Bodman (more than 5 points).

    In an extremely uncomfortable zone, the longitude of the day at the beginning of January is less than 3 hours. A period of ultraviolet insufficiency decreases to 5-6 months. The sum of negative temperatures increases in the western part of the zone to 1600 ° C and decreases to 5100 ° C. The periods with temperatures below -30 ° C range from 5 to 130 days. The air temperature period below 5 ° C is reduced to 265-300 days. In the European part of the zone there is an island merzlot, and in the Asian part - intermittent Merzlota. The power of the seasonal layer increases to 1 m. The index of Bodman fluctuates from 4 to 5 points.

    In the uncomfortable zone, the longitude of the day increases in early January to 4-5 hours. The period with ultraviolet insufficiency is reduced to 4-5 months. The sum of negative temperatures decreases in the western part of the zone to 1000 ° C, and in Eastern Siberia to 3800 ° C. The periods with temperatures below -30 ° C ranges from 5 to 90 days. The air temperature period below 5 ° C is reduced to 245-265 days. In the Asian part of the zone is dominated by island frozen. The power of the seasonal layer reaches 1-2 m. The index of Bodman lies within 3.5-4.0 points.




















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    Purpose:examine the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain and their influence on the life and life of the population.

    Tasks:

    • Educational:
      • expand knowledge about the West Siberian Plain - as a large natural complex;
      • to form knowledge of the originality of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
    • Developing:
      • continue formation
      • work skills with various sources of information;
      • critical thinking, skills to produce, formulate and defend your point of view, to support its scientific knowledge;
      • value-ideological, sociocultural and information competencies;
      • develop independent thinking.
    • Educational:
      • bring up geographical culture and aesthetic perception of geographic objects, a sense of love for native nature;
      • promote the spiritual formation, harmonization of the child's personality;
      • form the environmental consciousness of schoolchildren;
      • education of creative learning skills (the use of individual logical techniques and methods of creative activity);
      • educating the skills of creative knowledge of knowledge (the use of learned knowledge in the new situation).

    Methods in the nature of cognitive activity: Explanatory-illustrative, partially search.

    Forms of cognitive activity: Individual and frontal work.

    Methods organization of cognitive activity: Conversation, discussion - verbal (audio), analysis of various sources of information.

    Equipment: Physical map of Russia, computer, projector, presentation prepared using the Mouse Mischief program, video film Galileo.vipysk.729. (2011.04.14.) On Khanta.

    Type of lesson: Studying a new material.

    DURING THE CLASSES

    I. Organizational moment

    II. Setting educational tasks

    Remove the features of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
    Consider the features of the life and life of the indigenous population - Khantov.

    III. Actualization of students' knowledge. Motivation of training activities

    - Today we will talk about the natural features of the West Siberian Plain. Show on the map West Siberian Plain? (The student shows the West Siberian Plain on the map).
    Plain has an exceptionally flat relief with heights of not more than 100 m above sea level. Only in the south and in the east height above sea level reaches 250 meters. The climate of the area from the Arctic in the north to moderate continental in the south.

    IN: And what are the reasons for the continentality of the climate of Western Siberia?

    ABOUT: The position predominantly in moderate latitudes determined the amount of solar radiation obtained by the territory. The remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans led to the continentality of the climate. The planeness of the territory allowing the cold masses of the arctic air freely to penetrate far from the Kara Sea, and warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia - far to the north. The mountains along the periphery burned out the West Siberian plain from the Atlantic air masses from the West and Central Asian from the southeast.
    Due to the flatness of the area and its high length from the north to south on the territory of Western Siberia, natural zonality is clearly expressed. In the north along the coast of the Northern Ocean Ocean, there is an arctic desert zone, it replaces the tundra and forest tundra zone, and then the widest area in the area - Taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests from ate, cedar, fir, larchs with islets of pine-lactuous forests go to the south of a narrow strip of deciduous forests, a forest-steppe and steppes. Soils vary from arctic to the black soils of the steppes. The forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and black soil soils are very rapid. The West Siberian Plain is thickly covered with rivers, the biggest of which originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The main river area is Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is shipping all over. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps.
    West Siberian Plain is the richest natural resources of the territory of Russia. Here, local residents have long been manufactured by fur beast and game. Taiga has valuable wood, a lot of fish in the rivers. Tundra - Pastures for deer. But the main wealth of Western Siberia is its mineral resources.
    Basic resources - oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. West Siberian Plain is a unique oil and gas province. Industrial deposits of oil and gas are distributed here almost throughout the entire 2000 meter section of mesozoic sediments. The average depth of occurring in it oil and gas layers ranges from 1500m to 2500-3000m. Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country, it gives more than 70% of the all-Russian oil and natural gas production.
    Searches in the depths of Western Siberia "Black Gold" and "Blue Fuel" allowed to detect large reserves of iron ores in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
    The minerals of mesozoic deposits include hot water having a temperature of from 40 to 120 ° C and containing dissolved salts of chlorides and carbonates, as well as iodine and bromine. They form a huge artesian pool on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions at a depth of 1000 to 3000m.
    Thus, the West Siberian Plain is a province rich in water, territorial resources, extensive reserves of oil, gas, iron ores.
    However, despite the fact that Western Siberia is rich in natural resources, their development is difficult.

    IN: What is it connected with?

    ABOUT:The main problem of mastering gas and oil Western Siberia is heavy natural conditions. The living conditions and work of people are complicated by strong frosts, in the north under the hurricane wind. Soils in the north are abandoned by eternal Merzlot, which complicates construction. In the summer, a huge amount of blood-suicing insects - Gnus does not give quietly to work to people, pushing animals. But the main problem of the development of Siberia is huge areas of the shadow swamps.

    IN: What do you think, what is the cause of a high roof of the territory?

    1. Weakly dismembered relief with small relative heights leads to the difficulty of the flow surface.
    2. The rivers have a slow flow and strong meharactions (Meandra - radiated in the river rivers lengthening the path of the river) in the spring of the water in the rivers currently raised from the south to the north. In the upper reaches, heat, large water, and the lower reaches are ice. At low banks, the river is spilled by tens of kilometers and serve as a fear of fever.
    3. Peat contains up to 90% water and contribute to even greater accumulation of water in the swamp, and this leads to a raising of groundwater in the territories adjacent to the peatman and their fever.
    4. Small evaporation, as a small amount of solar radiation.

    Before the development of the resources of Western Siberia, the peoples of the North lived here in the centuries - Selkup, Nenets, Khanty. They hunted, caught fish and lived in harmony with nature. The indigenous population of Western Siberia was engaged in hunting, fishing. Residents of the North - Nenets - nomocated with deer. Nomadic reindeer herding made it possible to preserve pastures that restored only after 10-15 years. Slowly growing plants tundra, too short and cold summer. Khanty, Selkups took care of their environment, which gave them food, clothes, dwelling. Hunters and fishermen lived in low huts, the ground was insulated on top of the roof. The ice floes served as glasses in winter. With a bow - Selkups hunted to squirrel, geese, ducks. Salted fish and dried yukola served. From dried fish Moli Flour - Porsa. Waste (fish inside, bone heads) were not thrown away, and the fat was treated. Their bubbles were trees bile and used it to handle suede. From sturgeon bubbles cooked glue. The glue was used for the manufacture of a valuable tool of hunting - Luke also in the manufacture of skis. From the fish spacing sewed bags in which products stored. That is, the economy of the indigenous population was waste-free, and the fish earlier in the rivers were more than now. Oilmen came and broken pasture all-terrain trains, there were fewer fish in the rivers, oil poisoned the fish. Now in the area there are 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern Macro Region, the average density is 6 people. 1 km 2.

    Posted residents very unevenly. The southern regions along the Transsib are most closely populated. The taiga populated mainly valleys of rivers, the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. 1 km 2. More than 90% of the population are Russian, representatives of indigenous nationalities also live, but their share is small, for example, Khanty and Manci make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial entities. Urbanization coefficient - 71%. Large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of iron and shipping pathways. The largest of them Millionaires - Novosibirsk and Omsk.

    IV. Studying a new material

    - And now let's see a small plot of the indigenous people of Siberia - Khanta. When viewing, pay attention to the following aspects:

    1. What are the features of the life and life of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia?
    2. What is the main food in small nations?
    3. What impact on the life of small peoples is the development of industry?

    View video library Galileo.vipysk.729. (2011.04.14.) On Khanta .

    V. Fixing

    Responses of students for questions:

    1. The need for self-sustainment. Food is mined by hunting and fishing; Clothes and household items are created independently.
    2. The main food of small nations is fish and venison.
    3. Mining mineral resources reduces the habitat of small peoples, but it makes it possible to use some blessings of civilization, such as snowmobiles.

    Questions:

    IN: What natural resources are rich in West Siberian Plain?

    ABOUT: West Siberian plain is rich in water, territorial resources, oil, gas, peat, iron ores.

    IN: Is it possible to fully use the potential of Western Siberia and what is it connected with?

    ABOUT: It is impossible to use the entire resource potential of Western Siberia, since this is hampered by a high-width of the area, the eternal permafrost in the northern part, the harsh climate in winter, the presence of blood-sucking insects in the summer.

    Vi. Homework