How to take creative photos with crystal prism for special effects. How to make a paper prism? How to make a quadrangular prism from cardboard diagram

This image is a "regular" street photo. Overpasses lead the gaze to the image ... through the prism

A key element of any photography is how you use light. This article will show you how to split it. The use of a prism when photographing provides new possibilities and is another way of using the refraction of light.

What does a prism do with light?

Since a prism is a glass object, light refracts as it passes through it, creating several effects that you can use in photography.

There are two ways to use a prism.

• Rainbow projection - a prism, and in particular its triangular shape, acts by separating light and revealing waves of different lengths in the form of a rainbow. And already you can photograph it.
• Light redirection - Light can change direction abruptly as it travels through a prism. This means that when you look through it, you will be able to see the picture at a 90-degree angle to you. This factor makes it possible to create a double exposure.

The image clearly shows the rainbow light from the prism, as well as the remnants of light emitted from different angles.

Using a crystal prism to create a rainbow

A great way to use a prism is to create a rainbow. The larger the prism, the larger the rainbow is. Another way to increase its size is to increase the distance between the prism and the surface onto which you are projecting the rainbow. The difference between these options is that with an increase in the aforementioned distance, the rainbow light becomes more diffused and less intense.

Use a prism to create your own rainbow

Also notice how high the sun is in the sky. The angle of incidence of sunlight on the prism affects the angle of the projected rainbow. It's easier to project a rainbow onto the ground at noon. To project the rainbow more horizontally, you need to photograph when the sun is lower in the sky, that is, after sunrise or before sunset.

Rainbow as photo detail

Rainbow light is very colorful and can create an interesting effect when projected onto a surface. Look for a surface that is neutral in color (such as gray or white). Pay attention to the surfaces with pleasant texture.

Twist the prism until you can see the rainbow projected onto the surface you are photographing. You can, of course, take a picture while holding the prism and the camera. But it's good if you have a friend to help. Since this is a detailed photo, it is better to use a macro lens, but you can find equally interesting compositions using other lenses.

Rainbow in portrait photography

Undoubtedly one of the most popular forms of prism photography is projecting a rainbow onto a model's face. The rainbow won't be big in the end, and it would be nice again if the other person held the prism while you were photographing.

Three images in one frame

You can shoot through the glass those objects that appear inside the prism. Raise the prism and rotate it. You will see images inside. However, they will not be the same that are right in front of you. Depending on how you turn the glass prism, you will see one or two images. It is with these that you can work to create a single press of the shutter button.

Lens selection

For prism photography - wide angle and macro lenses.

• The wide-angle lens lets you add a background image to your photo. However, the edge of the prism becomes more visible in the frame. It is not easy to blur an image with the aperture available on most wide-angle lenses.
• Macro lens. Most of prism photography is done using it, as this lens allows you to focus close to the prism and avoid getting your hand caught in the frame. The transition from the background to the image in the prism is also more difficult to detect.

The image was taken with a macro lens with a prism, and in the end it looks like an optical illusion.

Aperture for prism photography

Which one you use for such photographs mainly depends on what you plan to do with the background and how sharp you want the image in the prism.

An open aperture of f / 2.8 or faster will certainly work to blur the background. For most photographs, to achieve a multiple exposure feel. This means that an aperture of around f / 8 is the right balance between background and detail, and avoids too sharp a prism line when going to the background.

Background image

Due to the small width of the prism, even with a macro lens, the background takes up most of the frame. So what works as a background for this type of photography?

• Leading lines - the background that draws attention to the images inside the prism is used effectively. It can be a tunnel or a road that goes to infinity.
• Textured background - More of a blank canvas for images in the prism. It could be a brick wall or leaves and flowers.
• Symmetry. Since a prism splits your image down the middle, using symmetry on both sides of that split is a fairly effective strategy.

Using background symmetry can work well in prism photography

Image in glass

Now the hardest part is getting a good image inside the prism. Images in it can be 90 degrees to the way you look, or perhaps 60 degrees to the edge and in front of where the photographer is standing. Incorporating this into the composition of the background is a tricky aspect of prism photography.

• Composition - You already have a good composition for your background. Now you need to save it while simultaneously adding a point of interest that would look good through the prism. Just use trial and error. Change the angle of inclination of the prism or rotate it; you can also try walking back and forth.
• Adding a model. An easier way to add interest to a prism image is to make it a portrait photograph. The advantage is that you can simply ask the model to stand in the desired position, from which the refracted light passes through the prism.

Adding the model to the composition of this image made the cherry blossom photo much more interesting.

Use fractals

Fractals are another element that uses refraction in photography. They produce prismatic effects, but are not triangular by themselves. You can take pictures through them without worrying about images being 90 degrees to you. Fractals are often used to create creative portrait photographs with soft edges or other abstract shots.

Time to go and share the light!

If you want to try something new in photography, you will definitely love it. It's a little tricky to take pictures with, but that's what makes the process really fun. Now is the time to take the crystal prism in hand and set off to meet the experiments!

It is necessary to construct unfolding of faceted bodies and drawing on the scan the line of intersection of the prism and the pyramid.

To solve this problem in descriptive geometry, you need to know:

- information about the unfolding of surfaces, methods of their construction and, in particular, the construction of unfolding of faceted bodies;

- one-to-one properties between the surface and its unfolding and methods of transferring points belonging to the surface to the unfolding;

- methods for determining the natural values ​​of geometric images (lines, planes, etc.).

Procedure for solving the Problem

A sweep is called a flat figure that is obtained by cutting and unbending the surface until it is completely aligned with the plane. All unfolded surfaces ( blanks, patterns) are constructed only from natural values.

1. Since the sweeps are constructed from natural values, we proceed to their determination, for which a tracing paper (graph paper or other paper) of A3 format is transferred problem No. z with all the points and lines of intersections of the polyhedra.

2. To determine the natural values ​​of the ribs and the base of the pyramid, we use right triangle method... Of course, others are possible, but in my opinion, this method is more understandable for students. Its essence lies in the fact that “On the constructed right angle, the projection value of a straight line segment is deposited on one leg, and on the other - the difference in the coordinates of the ends of this segment, taken from the conjugate projection plane. Then the hypotenuse of the obtained right angle gives the natural value of the given line segment ".

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

3. So, in the free space of the drawing (fig. 4.1.a) we build a right angle.

Along the horizontal line of this angle, we postpone the projection value of the pyramid's rib DA taken from the horizontal projection plane - l DA... Along the vertical line of the right angle, we postpone the difference in the coordinates of the points D’ andA’ taken from the frontal plane of projections (along the axis z way down) - . Connecting the obtained points with a hypotenuse, we get the life size of the edges of the pyramid | DA| .

Thus, we determine the natural values ​​of the other edges of the pyramid DB and DC as well as the base of the pyramid AB, BC, AC (Figure 4.2), for which we construct the second right angle. Note that the definition of the natural size of the edge DC produced in cases where it is given projection on the original drawing. This is easily determined if we recall the rule: “ if a straight line on any plane of projection is parallel to the coordinate axis, then on the conjugate plane it is projected in full size ”.

In particular, in the example of our problem, the frontal projection of the edge D’ C’ parallel to axis NS, therefore, in the horizontal plane DC immediately expressed in natural size | DC| (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.4

4. Having determined the natural values ​​of the edges and the base of the pyramid, we proceed to constructing the unfolding ( Figure 4.4). To do this, on a sheet of paper size closer to the left side of the frame, take an arbitrary point D considering that this is the top of the pyramid. We draw from the point D an arbitrary straight line and lay on it the life-size edges | DA| , getting the point A... Then from the point A, taking the life size of the base of the pyramid on the compass solution R= | AB | and placing the leg of the compass at the point A make an arc notch. Next, we take the life-size edges of the pyramid on the compass solution R=| DB| and placing the leg of the compass at the point D make a second arc notch. At the intersection of arcs, we get a point V by connecting it with the dots And D we get the face of the pyramid DAB... Similarly, we attach to the edge DB edge DBC, and to the edge DC- edge DCA.

To one side of the base, for example VC, we attach the base of the pyramid also by the method of geometric serifs, taking the dimensions of the sides to the solution of the compass ABandAWITH and making arc cuts from points BandC getting point A(Figure 4.4).

5. Building a sweep prism is simplified by the fact that in the original drawing in the horizontal plane of the projections with the base, and in the frontal plane with a height of 85 mm, it set immediately in full size

To build a sweep, mentally cut the prism along some edge, for example, along E having fixed it on the plane, we will unfold the other faces of the prism until it is completely aligned with the plane. It is quite obvious that we get a rectangle whose length is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the base, and the height is the height of the prism - 85mm.

So, to build a prism scan, we do:

- on the same format where the pyramid scan is built, on the right side we draw a horizontal straight line and from an arbitrarily taken point on it, for example E, successively postpone the segments of the base of the prism EK, KG, GU, UE, taken from the horizontal projection plane;

- from points E, K, G, U, E we restore the perpendiculars, on which we lay off the height of the prism, taken from the frontal plane of the projections (85mm);

- connecting the obtained points with a straight line, we get a sweep of the lateral surface of the prism and to one of the sides of the base, for example, GU we attach the upper and lower base using the method of geometric serifs, as was done when building the base of the pyramid.

Figure 4.5

6. To construct the intersection line on the sweep, we use the rule that "any point on the surface corresponds to a point on the sweep." Take for example the face of a prism GU where the line of intersection with the points is 1-2-3 ; ... Set aside on the base sweep GU points 1,2,3 by distances taken from the horizontal projection plane. Let us restore the perpendiculars from these points and plot the heights of the points on them 1’ , 2’, 3’ taken from the frontal projection plane - z 1 , z 2 andz 3 ... Thus, on the sweep, we got points 1, 2, 3, connecting which we get the first branch of the intersection line.

All other points are transferred similarly. The constructed points are connected, receiving the second branch of the intersection line. Highlight in red - the desired line. Let us add that if the faceted bodies do not completely intersect, there will be one closed branch of the intersection line on the prism sweep.

7. The construction (transfer) of the intersection line on the unfolded pyramid is carried out in the same way, but taking into account the following:

- since the sweeps are built from natural values, it is necessary to transfer the position of the points 1-8 lines of intersection of projections on the line of edges of natural sizes of the pyramid. To do this, take, for example, the points 2 and 5 in frontal projection of the rib DA we transfer them to the projection value of this edge of the right angle (Figure 4.1) along communication lines parallel to the axis NS, we get the required segments | D2| and |D5| ribs DA in natural quantities, which we postpone (transfer) to the unfolding of the pyramid;

- all other points of the intersection line are transferred in the same way, including points 6 and 8 lying on the generators Dm and Dn why on a right angle (Figure 4.3) the natural values ​​of these generators are determined, and then the points are transferred to them 6 and 8;

- on the second right angle, where the natural values ​​of the base of the pyramid are determined, points are transferred mandn intersections of generatrices with the base, which are subsequently transferred to the flat pattern.

Thus, the points obtained on natural values 1-8 and transferred to the sweep, we connect in series with straight lines and finally we get the line of intersection of the pyramid on its sweep.

Given:
Intersection of pyramid and prism
Necessary:
Construct a sweep of a straight prism and show on it the line of intersection of the prism with the pyramid.

Building a straight prism sweep is much easier than sweeping a pyramid.

Building a prism sweep

The construction of a sweep of a straight prism is facilitated by the fact that all dimensions for sweeping are taken from the diagrams and we do not need to find the natural values ​​of the edges of the prism. Since a straight prism is given, the lateral edges of the prism are projected onto the frontal projection plane in full size. The base edges of the straight prism are parallel to the horizontal projection plane and are also projected onto it in full size.

Algorithm for constructing a prism sweep

• We draw a horizontal line.
• From an arbitrary point G of this straight line, we lay off the segments GU, UE, EK, KG equal to the lengths of the sides of the base of the prism.
• Perpendiculars are restored from points G, U, ... and values ​​equal to the height of the prism are laid on them. The resulting points are connected by a straight line. Rectangle GG1G1G is a sweep of the lateral surface of the prism. To indicate on the sweep of the prism faces, perpendiculars are restored from the points U, E, K.
• To obtain a full sweep of the surface of the prism, polygons of its bases are attached to the sweep of the surface.

To build on the sweep the line of intersection of the prism with the pyramid of closed broken lines 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, we use vertical straight lines.

In more detail in the video tutorial on descriptive geometry in AutoCAD

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A prism is a three-dimensional figure, a polyhedron, the types of which are many: positive and irregular, straight and oblique. According to the figure lying at the base, the prism is from triangular to polygonal. It's easier for everyone to make a straight prism, but above the inclined one you need to work a little harder.

You will need

• - compass;
• - ruler;
• - pencil;
• - scissors;
• - glue;
• - paper or cardboard.

Instructions

1. Draw the bases of the prism, in this case they will be 2 hexagons. In order to draw the correct hexagon, use a compass. Draw a circle for them, and with the help of the same radius, divide the circle into six parts (for the correct hexagon, the sides are equal to the radius of the circumscribed circle). The resulting figure resembles a honeycomb cell. Draw the wrong hexagon randomly, but with the help of a ruler.

2. Now start designing the pattern. The walls of the prism are parallelograms and you need to draw them. In the straight model, the parallelogram will be a light rectangle. And its width will be invariably equal to the side of the hexagon lying at the base of the prism. With a correct figure at the base, all the faces of the prism will be equal to each other. If it is wrong, only one parallelogram (one side face), suitable in size, will correspond to the entire side of the hexagon. At the same time, follow the sequence of the dimensions of the faces.

3. On a horizontal line, place 6 line segments equal to the side of the base of the hexagon in steps. From the points obtained, draw perpendicular lines of the required height. Connect the ends of the perpendiculars with a 2nd horizontal line. You now have 6 rectangles joined together.

4. Attach the 2 hexagons constructed earlier to the bottom and top side of one of the rectangles. To any base if it is positive, and to the corresponding length if the hexagon is incorrect. Circle the silhouette with a solid line, and the fold lines inside the shape with a dotted line. You now have a surface scan of a straight prism.

5. Leave the base the same to create a tilted prism. Draw a parallelogram side that will be one of the faces. There should be six such faces, as you remember. In order now to draw a sweep of an inclined prism, it is necessary to arrange six parallelograms in a further order: three in ascending order, so that their oblique sides form one line, then three in descending order with the same condition. The slope of the resulting line is directly proportional to the tilt of the prism.

6. Add small trapezoidal overlaps to the five rectangles in the flat pattern on the short sides to glue the figure together, as well as on one free long side. Cut the blank for the prism along with the overlaps and glue the model.

A prism is a device that separates typical light into separate colors: scarlet, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue, violet. It is a translucent object with a flat surface that refracts light waves depending on their lengths and, as a result, allows you to see light in different colors. Do prism by yourself is easy enough.

You will need

• Two sheets of paper
• Foil
• Cup
• Compact disc
• Coffee table
• Lantern
• Pin

Instructions

1. A prism can be made from a simple glass. Fill the glass with water a little larger than halfway. Place the glass on the edge of the coffee table so that about half of the bottom of the glass hangs in the air. At the same time, make sure that the glass is stable on the table.

2. Place two sheets of paper, one by one, next to the coffee table. Turn on the flashlight and shine the rays of light through the glass, so that it falls on the paper.

3. Adjust the position of the lantern and paper until you see a rainbow on the sheets - this is how your ray of light is decomposed into spectra.

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The basic skill of an artist in academic drawing is the knowledge to depict on a plane the simplest volumetric geometric shapes - a cube, prism, cylinder, cone, pyramid and ball. Possessing this skill, it is allowed to build more difficult, combined volumetric forms of architectural and other objects. A prism is a polyhedron, two faces (bases) of which are identical in shape and parallel to each other. The side faces of the prism are parallelograms. According to the number of side faces, the prisms can be 3-, tetrahedral, etc.

You will need

• - drawing paper;
• - primitive pencils;
• - easel;
• - a prism or an object in the form of a prism (a wooden block, box, casket, part of a children's designer, etc.), preferably white.

Instructions

1. Erect prism it is permissible by inscribing it either in a parallelepiped or in a cylinder. The core difficulty in drawing a prism is the positive construction of the shape of 2 faces of its base. When drawing a prism lying on one of the side faces, there is an additional difficulty in observing the laws of perspective, because in such an arrangement the perspective reduction of the side faces becomes noticeable.

2. When drawing a vertically located prism, start by marking its central axis - a vertical line drawn in the middle of the sheet. On the axis line, sweep the center of the top (visible) face of the base and draw a horizontal line through this point. Determine the ratio of the height and width of the prism by the method of sight: look at the nature, covering one eye, and holding a pencil in an outstretched hand on the tier of the eyes, sweep the width of the prism visible from your point of view with your finger on a pencil and mentally put this distance along the line of the height of the prism a certain number times (how many times it will turn out).

3. Measuring the segments with a pencil closer in the drawing, mark the width and height of the prism with dots on the 2 lines drawn earlier, observing the resulting ratio. Draw an ellipse around the center of the top face. Be diligent to correctly convey its imaginary form, looking at nature. Draw approximately the same ellipse (but less flattened) in the plane of the lower face of the prism base. Combine the resulting ellipses with two vertical lines.

4. Now on the upper ellipse it is necessary to mark the segments of the intersection of the side faces and its bases. Looking at nature, notice the points - the vertices of the polygon - lying at the base of the prism, as you see them, and step by step combine them together. From these points, draw lines down to the intersection with the lower ellipse. Combine the resulting intersection points as well. During the subsequent drawing, the faces, visible from the selected point of view, are erased or shaded, therefore, draw all auxiliary construction lines without pressing.

5. Lying on its side prism draw with the help of the auxiliary box. Focusing on nature, draw a parallelepiped, observing the theses of perspective - the lines of the lateral edges, when mentally extended to the horizon line, which is invariably on the tier of the viewer's eyes, converge at one point. Consequently, the (noticeable) edge that is far from us will be slightly smaller than the front one. When determining the aspect ratio of the parallelepiped, use the arm's length (or sighting) method.

6. On the front and back square faces, sweep the vertices of the polygons at the base of the prism and draw them. Combine these points in pairs on 2 faces - draw the side edges of the prism. Remove obscene lines. Highlight the lines of edges and corners of the prism closer to you more thickly, and mark the distant ones with light lines.

7. Looking at the nature, determine the angle of incidence of the light, the clearest, most shaded edges and, with the help of shading of different intensities, convey these light ratios in the drawing. Draw a drop shadow from the subject. Underline the contact line between the prism and the table with the darkest line. Please note that the light reflected from the table surface (reflex) falls on the most shaded face of the prism from below, and illuminates it slightly. When imposing hatching on this facet, take this result into account and apply a less saturated tone in the place of the reflex.

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A prism is a polyhedron formed by any final number of faces, two of which - the bases - must necessarily be parallel. Any straight line drawn perpendicular to the bases contains a segment connecting them, called the height of the prism. If all side faces are adjacent to both bases at an angle of 90 °, the prism is called straight .

You will need

• Prism drawing, pencil, ruler.

Instructions

1. V straight prism any lateral rib is perpendicular to the base by definition. And the distance between the parallel planes of the side faces is identical at every point, including those points where the side edge is adjacent to them. From these 2 circumstances it follows that the length of the edge of any side face straight the prism is equal to the height of this volumetric figure. This means that if you have a drawing that shows such a polyhedron, there are more segments (edges of the side faces) on it, all of which can be designated as the height of the prism. If it is not prohibited by the conditions of the task, primitively designate any side edge as a height, and the task will be solved.

2. If you need to draw a height that does not coincide with the side edges in the drawing, draw a line segment parallel to any of these edges connecting the bases. It is not invariably allowed to do this "by eye", therefore, build two auxiliary diagonals on the side faces - combine a pair of any corners on the upper and the corresponding pair on the lower base. After that, measure any comfortable distance on the upper diagonal and put a point - this will be the intersection of the height with the upper base. On the lower diagonal, measure the same distance correctly and put a second point - the intersection of the height with the lower base. Join these points with a line, and building the height straight prism will be completed.

3. The prism can be depicted taking into account perspective, that is, the lengths of the identical edges of the figure can have different lengths in the figure, the side faces can adjoin the bases at different and not strictly right angles, etc. In this case, in order to correctly observe the proportions, proceed in the same way as described in the previous step, but put the points on the upper and lower diagonals correctly in their middle.

In detail - how to fold a sheet of paper and cut out a beautiful snowflake.

You will need

• A sheet of paper, I have an ordinary A4 sheet, it's better to take huge napkins
• Scissors

Instructions

1. We fold the sheet across in half

2. Now twice, just to find the middle

3. We wrap the edges of the paper folded in half, one by one - as seen in the photo

4. We make sure that the leaf is bent evenly, and the ends reach the folds.

5. Now we fold the resulting envelope in half. It is necessary to practice in order to ensure that the outer edge of the sheet reaches exactly to the fold.

6. While there is no skill, it is cooler to draw an approximate silhouette of a snowflake in advance.

7. Cut it out neatly along the silhouette.

8. Expanding diligently.

Note!
Remember that it is impossible to make a through cut, the snowflake will fall apart.

Helpful advice
The thinner the paper, the easier it is to cut the snowflake. It is allowed to make snowflakes from foil.

Note!
In the sweep of an inclined prism, do not draw its edges at too great an angle; on the contrary, the model will be unstable.