"Ancient India" Location and nature of Ancient India Ancient cities of India Groups of people. Religion of Ancient India

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One of the main centers of the ancient Harappan civilization that existed in the 3rd - the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. in the valley of the Indus River, was the city of Harappa. It was located near the now dry bed of the Rabvi River, on the territory of modern Pakistan. Archaeologists discovered the ruins of this city in the 20s of the 20th century.

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2. Mohenjo-Daro

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Mohenjo-Daro is one of the main cities of the mysterious ancient civilization the valley of the Indus River - the so-called Harappan civilization. Its foundation dates back to about 2600 BC, and it was inhabited for nine hundred years until it fell into disrepair for reasons not entirely clear. According to one version, the population of the city was destroyed by the invading Aryan tribes, but this theory has many opponents.

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3. Prayaga

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The city of Prayaga was founded at the confluence of the Jamna and Ganges rivers. It is known that the city existed already under King Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. e .. Prayaga was the sacred city of the ancient Hindus. Unfortunately, it is not known when Prayaga fell into desolation and turned into ruins.

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4. Fatihpur Sikri

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Fatihpur Sikri was built under the Indian king Akbar. He began the construction of this city, either deciding to devote it to another foreign policy victory, or the construction was associated with the birth of the tsar's son (possibly due to both factors). The construction was carried out at a fast pace, and if we take into account the technical equipment of the builders of that time, it was simply at an unimaginable pace. The city was built in 15 years. But nature intervened in the fate of Fatihpur Sikri. Lack of water has led to a massive outflow of the population. The result was the complete desolation of the city, in which only monkeys have lived since then.

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The earliest inhabitants of India knew how to build cities with wide and straight streets. They built houses of two and three stories from solid bricks. These houses had running water. There was a fortress on a hill in the center of the city. Behind its powerful walls it was possible to hide from enemies and floods that happened in this area.

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Ancient india

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Ancient India is one of the earliest and most ancient civilizations in the world. This is where the greatest religions and Indian cultures originate.

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The name "India"

The name itself comes from the name of the Indus River. It was in the valley of this river that India was located. The Indus begins in Tibet and flows into the Arabian Sea.

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First mentions and finds

Archaeologists for the first time found on the territory the remains of ceramic products, terracotta figurines, which date back to the 5th millennium BC. These ancient things were made in the city of Mehrgarh. It is Mehrgarhe that is the first city in Ancient India.

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Religion of Ancient India

One of the most ancient Indian gods is Shiva. In a triplet with two gods, Vishnu and Brahma, they are the three main deities of Hinduism. Brahma refers to the creator of the world, Vishnu is its keeper, and Shiva is at the head of the pantheon and rules the world.

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The Indus Valley is adjacent to the Sumerians. Their culture significantly influenced the development and formation of Indian civilization. In the 2nd millennium BC. the tribes of the nomads of Aria came to the territory of India and settled there. The local population and nomads mixed.

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In ancient India, the population was divided into friends and foes. The Arians belonged to their own, and the Dava to the aliens. In addition, the Aryans were divided into 4 varnas:

• 1st estate is the highest. They were called Dunes and they were priests, teachers.
• 2nd estate - middle. They were called Kshatriyas. They were military.
• 3rd estate - the lowest. They were called vaisyas, they were farmers, merchants, etc.
• 4 is the lowest estate. These were servants and were called sudras.

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Castes

Castes were one of the additional divisions of the population. Kaksty is a division by profession. They usually, like varnas, were hereditary.

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Household part.

The main occupation of the inhabitants of India was agriculture. They grew peas, wheat, jute, etc. In addition, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley bred large cattle, pigs, elephants and sheep.

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Metallurgy and craft.

The Indians had a well-developed metallurgy. Copper was used to melt knives, arrowheads, and tools for farming. The inhabitants of the valley could process stone and alloys, gold and bronze.

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Writing of Ancient India.

It is still unknown what language the inhabitants of ancient India spoke. The fact is that the archaeologist has not yet managed to find a single thing with writing. The first inscriptions found date back to the 23rd century. BC. They have about 400 hieroglyphs. Ancient Indians wrote on tablets and clay pots.

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The language of the Indians.

Unlike the Indian language, which is still unknown, the Indian language is well studied. It is called Sanskrit. He went to him many other ancient languages.

"Ancient India" Location and nature of Ancient India Ancient cities of India Groups of people.

God Brahma divided people into castes, defining their occupations, rights and duties. The position of each caste was determined by its origin. Even the color of clothing Each caste deserves a special one. From his mouth Brahma created a caste of brahmana priests. Therefore only a brahmana can speak on behalf of God. From his hands Brahma created warriors. Farmers were created from the thighs. From feet covered in mud, Brahma created a caste of servants. Particularly difficult and humiliating was the position of the untouchables, who did not belong to any of the castes.

On the southern bank of the Jamna River, near the city of Agra, stands the Taj Mahal, perhaps the most remarkable architectural monument in the world. Its silhouette is well-known and for many has become an unofficial symbol of India. The Taj Mahal owes its fame not only to its beautiful architecture, which strikingly combines grandeur and grace, but also to the romantic legend associated with it. The mausoleum was built in the 17th century by the ruler of the Mughal Empire Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, whose death plunged him into inconsolable grief. Taj Mahal is an unsurpassed beauty symbol of loyal love TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal keeps the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth. TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal preserves the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth. TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal preserves the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth. TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal preserves the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth. TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal preserves the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth. TAJ MAHAL: A SYMBOL OF LOVE The shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal preserves the memory of the love of a man and a woman. Its symmetry and sophistication are like a perfect pearl against an azure sky. This is not only the most famous mausoleum, but also one of the most beautiful structures on earth.

1. God, according to the beliefs of the Indians, created people from different parts of his body. 2. One of the periods in the life of a brahmana. 3. A large river, on the banks of which the oldest cities in India arose. 4. Dense, impassable forests along the banks of the Ganges. 5. Groups of people with specific rights and responsibilities in ancient India. BRAHMA TEACHING IND JUNGLI KASTA 5

The tallest mountains in the world. They do not allow cold winds to penetrate from the north to the Indian subcontinent. When the wind blows from the south and drives rain clouds from the ocean, the mountains stop them. Therefore, for two whole months a year, July and August in India it rains and rivers overflow their banks.

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Ancient india
Ancient india
Prepared by Oksana Gandzyuk and Anastasia Abasheva

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The huge Hindustan peninsula, located in South Asia, is almost cut off from the world: in the north - by mountains (Himalayas and Pamir), in the south - by the ocean, in the east - by the jungle; only from the northwest there are passages. It is divided into a southern part and a northern - a plain between the two great rivers Indus and Ganges.

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Only about a hundred years ago, archaeologists discovered the oldest civilization in South Asia, based on irrigated agriculture. Its traces are about two dozen cities, of which the largest are Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The cities had a similar layout. The inhabitants of that time were familiar with the production of bronze, cotton weaving and writing.
Indian (Harappan) civilization (XXIV - XXVII centuries BC)

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By the XXVII centuries. BC. the highly developed Harappan civilization died out. The reasons for her death are unclear. The supposed explanation is an economic catastrophe, epidemics.

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In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. a new civilization began to take shape in India. The formation of the ancient Indian society was reflected in the Vedas (the oldest monument of Indo-Aryan religious literature). Tribes of semi-nomadic pastoralists turned into communities of sedentary pastoralists-farmers (the main culture is rice), who knew iron tools and weapons.

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Among them, the privileged strata of priests (brahmanas) and warriors (kshatriyas) stood out. The famous poems "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" tell about the fierce wars waged by the rajas. The winners became the founders of the first Indo-Aryan states. The largest of these were Magadha and Koshala in the Ganges Valley.

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All-Indian power Maurya (IV - II centuries BC)
By the V century. BC. the greatest influence was gained by the state of Magadha, where in the IV century. BC. a strong dynasty of Nandas was established. With the help of a huge army, its kings conquered all the kingdoms in the Ganges valley and part of the Deccan and created the first all-Indian power.

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In 317 BC. after a fierce struggle, the Maurya dynasty, the most famous in the history of India, seized power in Magadha. Under the outstanding king Ashoka, this state became one of the largest in the Ancient East. It included the entire Hindustan from the Ganges valley to the Iranian highlands, from the Himalayas to the Deccan plateau. The capital of the state Pataliputra was one of the largest cities of antiquity.

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Ashoka sought to rule the empire, resorting not to force, but to law. By his order, "royal edicts" were publicly read in all cities. Their main content was dharma - moral and ethical instructions on dignified human behavior, close to Buddhism.

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However, the huge Mauryan empire also proved fragile. It included peoples and tribes, different in language and level of economic development. Ashoka's power was limited by the royal council. Many complained that he supported Buddhism rather than traditional Vedic Brahmanism. His successors failed to save the empire, in the II century. It split into several parts. In the society of that time, the varna system finally took shape, which became a distinctive feature of India. The four Varnas - closed, stable and hereditary groups - represented the main strata of society and their occupations: brahmanas (priests and teachers), kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), vaisyas (community members, later artisans and merchants) and sudras (unequal population, slaves).

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Not only the position, but also the degree of responsibility of a person depended on belonging to varna: the guilt of a brahmana, according to the law, was considered two times more than a kshatriya, four - vaisyas, eight - sudras. Punishments also varied: for example, a kshatriya, insulting a brahmana, paid a fine of 100 coins, a vaisya - 250, and a sudra was punished by beating.

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The main producers of material goods were free communes who united in strong village communities that paid taxes to the state. An important role in them was played by the labor of slaves (who were considered a thing and a kind of livestock), but the labor of free hired workers was no less widely used: they did not have property, worked only for 1/10 of the harvest and were usually mentioned together with slaves.

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Main religions of India
The main, still tribal gods of the Vedic religion were Indra (the god of thunder, the king of the gods), Agni (the god of fire), the sun god Surya. To the border new era as a result of its processing and simplification, Hinduism was formed. His main gods are Brahma (creator of the world), Shiva: responsible for the cycle of life and death) and Vishnu (guardian of world balance). The basis of Hinduism is the doctrine of karma, the sum of evil and good deeds, the ratio of which determines the appearance in which a person is born in the next life. Hinduism was and remains the most widespread religion in India.

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In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. a new teaching arose - Buddhism. It is associated with the legendary figure of its founder - prince Siddhartha Gautama, nicknamed Buddha (the Enlightened One). Its essence is a view of life as suffering and immersion in nirvana (non-being) as a way of liberation from it, an opportunity to interrupt the chain of posthumous rebirths. Buddhism became one of the main trends in the spiritual life of India, later - the first world religion.

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Kushan Empire. The Gupta dynasty.
At the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. India was a mass of scattered and rival small states. In the I-II centuries. on the lands of neighboring Bactria, a huge Kushan kingdom arose, the rulers of which subjugated Northern India. The most powerful Kushan king was Kanishka. The Kushan culture, incorporating Indian, Iranian and Greek traditions, had a great influence on the late culture of the Ancient East.

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In the IV - V centuries. Magadha, where the Gupta dynasty ruled, experienced a new rise. Its flowering is associated with her name Chandragupta II, who was called the "Sun of Power". He managed to unite all of Northern India for a short time. The Guptas have been supportive of many of the writers and scholars who made India famous. But at the end of the 5th - 6th centuries. the invasion of nomads from the Central country led to the collapse of the Gupta state. This event is conventionally considered the end of ancient Indian history.

"Culture in India" - The renewed religion is called HINDUISM. Chaitya in Karli (interior, exterior). God Brahma. Questions and tasks: The first monuments of Indian architecture appear presumably in the II millennium BC. Shiva statue from the Guddimalam temple. Temple of Kandarya Mahadev (interior). The global concepts of the universe, characteristic of Buddhism, are a thing of the past.

"India Grade 7" - The cow is a sacred animal, eating meat is prohibited by religion. Political and administrative map. Industrial and commercial and financial center. It is washed by the Arabian Sea in the West and the Bay of Bengal in the East. Industry. Large Indian rhinoceros up to 180 cm in height 335 cm in length, horn length 61 cm.

"India in the Middle Ages" - Sanskrit language. Buddhism is divided into: 1) HINAYANU (emphasizes benevolence) 2) Mahayana (the goal of bodhysatism) 3) TANTRISM. Spices, bamboo, pearls were sent from the port city of Calicut. A number of the principles of Buddhism passed into HINDUISM. The meaning of Hinduism can be expressed in the words: * Live and let others live *. Books were written in Sanskrit.

"Ancient India" - 5. Unified state. What conclusions can be drawn about the life of the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa? 2. The first city-states. Ganges. South Asia, Indian subcontinent. Himalayas. The Indus and Ganges rivers are the most abundant in the country. The shores of India from the west, east and south are washed by the Indian Ocean. 6. Settlements created by the Phoenicians outside the state.

"Medieval India" - Statue of Buddha in a lotus. The walls of the temples were completely covered with reliefs, statues and skillful carvings. - Miniatures, portraits - Frescoes. Legends and historical events are reflected). Art crafts... Ivory and precious wood products. The culture of medieval India. From the VII-VIII centuries. Hindu temples are erected in the form of huge towers.