Drought. Drought consequences. Droughts Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the absence of rainfall for a long time, combined with high evaporation, which causes drying. Drought Presentation in English
DROUGHT presentation is created by Turgeneva Mariya and Galkina Ulyana
DROUGHT A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water.
DROUGHT It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm to the local economy.
DROUGHT Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water and feed to more fertile spots. Examples of such animals are zebras, elephants, and wildebeest. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common.
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO DURING DROUGHT? don not leave the house, if possible; to save water; if you leave the house, wear a hat; to get ready to help other people; to be connected with state authrorites.
INTERESTING FACTS Only in Africa the number of fatalities from drought is 1 million from 1970 to 2010. The UN established the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought. Hiderigami - is the spirit of the drought in Japanese folklore. In Central Russia bush and peat fires were, and it resulted smoke blanketing of Moscow and many other cities in 1972, 2002 and 2010.
TYPES Meteorological drought is brought about when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought. Agricultural droughts are droughts that affect crop production or the ecology of the range. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when soil conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of below average precipitation. Hydrological drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical average. Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, Kazakhstan was recently awarded a large amount of money by the World Bank to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the Aral Sea under Soviet rule. Similar circumstances also place their largest lake, Balkhash, at risk of completely drying out.
Droughts Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is a prolonged absence of precipitation in combination with high evaporation, which causes the drying of the root layer of the soil and disrupts the water supply of plants. Types of droughts: Distinguish between atmospheric and soil drought By the time of manifestation: spring, spring-summer, summer, summer-autumn, autumn, autumn-winter By distribution: global, regional, local Cause of droughts (frequent recurrence of arctic anticyclones)
Drought criteria Lack of rainfall: 
Fifty years Number of droughts Drought years, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1906, 1911, 1914, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1946, 1948, 1954, 1955, 1963, 1965 , 1972, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1991, 1995
Dry winds Dry winds are winds at high temperatures and a great lack of moisture saturation in the air, causing oppression or death of plants. Dry wind - wind at high temperatures and a large lack of moisture saturation in the air, causing oppression or death of plants. Agronomical criteria for dry winds: Agronomic criteria for dry winds: air temperature at 13 hours above 25 C, air temperature at 13 hours above 25 C, relative humidity at the same time 5 m / s according to a weather vane, A single criterion - moisture deficit at 13 hours is equal to 20 hPa and more
Dry wind intensity depending on air humidity deficit at 1 pm and damage to grain crops (according to E.A. Zuberbiller) Dry wind type Moisture deficit at 1 pm, hPa Degree of plant damage Weak 20–29 Slight decrease in turgor Medium intensity 30–39 Significant decrease in leaf turgor , their twisting, yellowing, drying out, in unhardened plants a small grain capture is possible after 3-5 days Intensive 40–49 Strong wilting and drying of the vegetative mass, grain capture in 2–3 days, in unhardened plants after 1–2 days Very intense Fast and severe damage to the vegetative mass, grain capture after 1–2 days
Dust storms Dust storms - the transfer by a strong wind (10-20 m / s or more) of a large amount of dust, sand, topsoil, almost or completely devoid of vegetation Dust storms - transfer by a strong wind (10-20 m / s or more) large amounts of dust, sand, topsoil, almost or completely devoid of vegetation. Conditions of occurrence Conditions of occurrence - strong wind (more than 10 m / s in a weather vane); - strong wind (over 10 m / s in a weather vane); - draining and, as a result, spraying of the topsoil; - draining and, as a result, spraying of the topsoil; - absence or weak development of vegetation cover in the fields; - absence or weak development of vegetation cover in the fields; - the presence of vast open spaces; - the presence of vast open spaces; - uneven microrelief and light in granulometric composition - uneven microrelief and light in granulometric composition soils: sandy, sandy loam, light loamy. soils: sandy, sandy loam, light loamy.
Measures to combat arid events Progress in three areas. 1) Selection and genetic. Consists in the selection and breeding of new drought-resistant plant varieties. The correct placement of plant varieties, taking into account soil and climatic conditions, is of great importance. 2) Agrotechnical. Agronomic science and practice have accumulated a significant number of techniques and technologies aimed at countering droughts and dry winds. These include varying the sowing time, timely closure of moisture in spring, the creation of clean feasts, moldboard-free tillage, etc. 3) Reclamation. Effective way providing plants with moisture in arid conditions are all types of irrigation, the retention of melt water, and snow retention. A special role belongs to field-protective afforestation (forest belts).
Showers Precipitation characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of precipitation and a sharp increase in intensity. Fall out of cumulonimbus clouds In 5 minutes - 0.5 mm / min For 30 minutes - 0.3 mm / min HARMFUL EFFECTS: - soil compaction destruction of the surface, soil washout water erosion (ravines) lodging of crops CONTROL MEASURES: correct placement of agricultural crops cultivation of slopes afforestation terraces, ditches
Hail Precipitation in the warm season from powerful cumulonimbus clouds in the form of particles of dense ice FIGHT AGAINST Hail: with the help of a meteorological locator in cumulonimbus clouds, the centers of the origin of hail are revealed in the centers, special chemical reagents (solid carbon dioxide, iodide silver) with airplanes, missiles due to the large number of condensation nuclei, small hailstones are formed, it is raining, hailstorms are prevented. cultures
Drought For dry - a long and significant lack of rain, more often at elevated temperatures and low air humidity, as a result of which the moisture reserves in the soil dry up, which leads to a decrease or death of the crop. The onset of drought is usually associated with the establishment of an anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and dry air create increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), and the reserves of soil moisture are depleted without replenishment by rains (soil drought). During drought, the flow of water into plants through the root systems becomes difficult, the consumption of moisture for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation of tissues decreases, and the normal conditions of photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are disturbed.
Drought Depending on the season, a distinction is made between spring, summer and autumn droughts. spring droughts are especially dangerous for early grain crops; summer crops cause severe damage to both early and late cereals and other annual crops, as well as fruit plants; autumn ones are dangerous for winter crops. The most disastrous are spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts. Most often, droughts are observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe zone: 2-3 times a century droughts occur even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is inapplicable to areas with rainless summers and extremely low rainfall, where agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, the Sahara, Gobi and others). In order to raise awareness of the world community, the UN has established a world day to combat desertification and drought.
Appearance The onset of drought is usually associated with the establishment of a sedentary high anticyclone. The abundance of solar heat and the gradually decreasing humidity of the air create increased evaporation (atmospheric drought), in connection with which the reserves of soil moisture are depleted without being replenished by rain (soil drought). Gradually, as the soil drought intensifies, ponds, rivers, lakes, springs dry up - a hydrological drought begins. During drought, the flow of water into plants through the root systems becomes difficult, the consumption of moisture for transpiration begins to exceed its inflow from the soil, the water saturation of tissues decreases, and the normal conditions of photosynthesis and carbon nutrition are disturbed.
Differences Depending on the season, a distinction is made between spring, summer and autumn droughts. spring droughts are especially dangerous for early grain crops; summer crops cause severe damage to both early and late cereals and other annual crops, as well as fruit plants; autumn ones are dangerous for winter seedlings. The most destructive are spring-summer and summer-autumn droughts.
Regions In the middle latitudes, droughts are most often observed in the steppe zone, less often in the forest-steppe zone: 2-3 times a century droughts occur even in the forest zone. The concept of drought is inapplicable to regions with rainless summers and extremely low rainfall, where agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation (for example, the Sahara, Gobi and others). Droughts are common in the subtropical zone and in the subequatorial zone, where it only rains during the wet season. In order to raise awareness of the world community, the UN has established a world day to combat desertification and drought.