Raising cows for milk at home. Formation and start of activity. Features of the correct formation of a herd of dairy cows

An important area of commercial and private agricultural activity is cattle breeding. This process, with the right approach, can become an effective and profitable business. But what is needed for this? We will analyze the basics of organizing activities for breeding cows for milk and meat.

Basics

The process of breeding cattle (cattle) - activities for the cultivation and maintenance of farm animals of the Bulls subfamily. The purpose of the activity is to obtain meat, milk, skins and wool, use animals as draft power, as well as breeding work.

The total number of cattle on the planet is about 1.5 billion heads. In modern cattle breeding, there are about 300 breeds of cattle. About 50 breeds are used in Russia.

The number of cattle in Russia and distribution by types of farms (data for 2016):

As can be seen from the data on the number, breeding and keeping cows is effective both as a business and as a private activity for growing at home for milk and meat.

Breeds of cattle

Agricultural and farming organizations may focus on obtaining meat or milk. Mixed farms prevail in Russia, where priority is given to breeding meat and dairy breeds.

This approach allows us to quickly respond to market changes and effectively pursue a flexible policy by selling dairy and meat products.

Breed of cattle	Origin	Direction	Height (cm)	Weight, kg)	Peculiarities	Value
Hereford	England	meat	125	650-1350	They are hardy, strong, adapted to various climatic conditions, endure long hauls and maintenance on pastures, feed well and fatten up.	High quality marbled meat, slaughter yield - 65% of the total weight, the best meat for steaks.
Aberdeen Angus	Scotland	meat	120-150	500-1000	Excellent fattening ability, adapted to keeping outdoors even in cold weather.	Excellent marbled meat for steaks, yield - 60%, milk yield - 2 thousand kg per year.
Kholmogory	Russia	dairy	130-132	400- 800	Adapted to regions with cold climates.	Milk productivity - 3.5-4 thousand kg of milk, fat content - 3.6-3.7%.
Ayrshire	Scotland	dairy	125	450-850	It is adapted for breeding in the northern regions, it is distinguished by the constancy of milk yield, easy adaptation to new conditions, it absorbs roughage well.	Milk productivity - about 8 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of 4%.
Yaroslavskaya	Russia	dairy	125-127	450-550	Tasty and high-quality milk, adaptability to harsh climate, disease resistance (leukemia).	Satisfactory meat quality, slaughter yield - from 52 to 62%, average milk yield - about 3.2 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of 4.2%.
Simmental	Switzerland	meat and dairy	135-140	550-650	Adaptability to various climatic conditions, high weight gain throughout the entire period of growth.	The optimal combination of meat and dairy qualities. Milk productivity - 3-3.5 thousand kg of milk.
Kostroma	Russia	milk and meat	137-147	550-900	They are hardy, have good health and high adaptability, live long and keep milk yield until old age.	Milk yield - 3.5-5 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of 3.8%.

Other quality breeds of cows:

Dutch;
black-and-white;
red steppe;
Sychevskaya;
Swiss;
Kalmyk;
bestuzhevskaya;
charolais;
limousine;
Kazakh white-headed.

The characteristics of modern breeds of meat and dairy breeds make it possible to effectively breed cows almost throughout Russia. The main conditions are the quality of feed and the conditions of detention.

Sanitary requirements

An important condition for breeding cattle is compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules.

The norms of veterinary and sanitary control are regulated at the legislative level, annually updated and specified by orders of the Ministry of Agriculture and other regulations of the competent state bodies.

Primary requirements:

maintenance and grazing in strictly designated areas;
compliance with the rules for protecting cows from other domestic animals;
the presence of ventilation;
regular cleaning and storage of manure in special places;
the presence of washing, veterinary and other separate premises necessary for the quality maintenance of cows;
compliance with the rules of sectional and group placement of cattle;
the presence of walking areas;
organization of high-quality feeding;
regular disinsection (destruction of insects), desacarization (destruction of ticks) and deratization (destruction of rodents) of the premises of the barn;
availability of quarantine zones in cowsheds;
systematic vaccination at the scheduled time and regular examination by a veterinarian.

Breeding as a business

Breeding cattle is one of the promising areas of business in agriculture.

In the face of growing demand for environmentally friendly, high-quality meat and dairy products, a well-organized farm can become a stable source of growing profits. But high competition and risks require a balanced and thoughtful approach to organizing such a business.

Planning

The first step towards organizing a farm is to draw up a detailed business plan that will take into account all financial costs and profitability.

Directions of financial costs when organizing a farm:

lease of the territory;
construction or repair of cowsheds, other industrial premises;
current utility costs;
purchase of young animals;
procurement and purchase of feed;
maintenance of animals and premises.

Organizational issues that also need to be addressed:

registration of a farm organization;
attraction of credit funds (if necessary);
negotiation of contractual terms for the supply of feed, equipment, livestock;
obtaining all veterinary and sanitary permits.

Logistics is key. The choice of a farm location should take into account a number of factors.

Remoteness of food sources. It is better that it is directly from the manufacturer.
Development of transport infrastructure.
Availability of quality pastures and meadows.
Sales facilities, remoteness.

Another important aspect of planning is market analysis in the region. The purpose of this work is to determine the degree of demand for farm products, the shortage or surplus of local items, their quality and price.

The choice of cow breed is an equally important factor to consider when planning.

When selecting the optimal breeds, a number of key aspects should be taken into account:

adaptability to local climatic conditions;
indicators of milk yield and live weight;
exactingness to the conditions of detention and diet.

The purchase of livestock should be carried out in large breeding farms, where the work on breeding thoroughbred individuals is set at a professional level.

Barn organization

The cowshed must meet the requirements that are established in the relevant GOSTs. When arranging, it is important to take into account the parameters and conditions that are set out in these documents.

Key requirements

Ceiling height - not less than 2.5 m.
For one cow at least 6 square meters. m, with a calf - 10 sq. m. The animal should move quietly and lie down to rest.
Temperature range - from 10 to 18°C. In winter, the temperature should not fall below. There is a slight decrease - the rate of feeding for warming increases, if the temperature drop is significant - it is necessary to take measures to warm the premises.
Cattle release ammonia and carbon dioxide. The barn must have an efficient ventilation system. There should be no drafts.
Equipment of special drains for the effective removal of manure and urine.
Ensuring barn lighting for at least 14 hours a day.

Factors to consider when organizing a barn:

square;
electricity;
water supply;
heating;
ventilation;
feed supply and dosage system;
milk production equipment (if breeding dairy breeds);
manure cleaning complex.

A barn for 30 cows for a small farm includes several sectors.

Stable.
Stall dividers.
Feed table.
Maternity ward.
Stalls for cows and calves.
Separate stalls for bulls.
Milk washing department.
Technological passage.
Fermsky manure storage.
Cup automatic drinker.
Manure receiving and manure collecting channels.

With an increase in the area, the number of barn elements increases. The availability of equipment provides a different level of automation. In advanced farms, almost all cow maintenance processes are automated.

Equipment

Machine milking machines.
Feed grinders. Cows eat fine feed better, it is better absorbed, which affects the quality and speed of weight gain. There are two types - root cutters, straw cutters.
feed mills. Used for crushing feed. There are three main types - drum, disk, roller.
Conveyors and conveyors. Machines for continuous movement of various goods. On large farms and in cowsheds, they are indispensable when supplying feed.

Staff of specialists

For the organization of the normal functioning of the barn, it is necessary to attract highly qualified specialists in several areas. Full staff:

veterinary workers.
Milkmaids.
Cattlemen.
Calfs.
Mechanics, other technical personnel.
Engineers.

Cattle rearing techniques

The term breeding technique is directly related to the order of reproduction of livestock on the farm. Breeding work allows you to increase the number of cattle with the preservation of thoroughbred properties.

Factors to consider when reproducing:

Physiological and sexual maturity of individuals. Readiness for fertilization and insemination depends on factors: breed, age, nutrition, climate, conditions of detention. Beef cows reach reproductive age faster than dairy cows. The reproductive age of females occurs at 6-9 months, males - 7-8 months. Young beef breeds are divided by gender as early as the third month after birth.
Readiness of females for calving. The female is allowed to be fertilized only if she has gained 65-75% of the optimal weight of an adult individual of the breed. The weight of cows of small breeds - 330 kg, large - 360 kg.
Rationality of use of bulls producers. They are attracted to insemination from 14 months when they reach a mass of 400 kg. For a year, one male is able to inseminate up to 200 females. The load is calculated based on the age of the bull. Young animals are capable of effective mating 2-3 times a week, older ones - once every seven days. The minimum rest period for a bull is a day, preferably two days.
The timing of female fertilization. Cows are allowed to be fertilized not earlier than 18 months.
The duration of "rest" after the birth of calves.

The process of insemination can be carried out naturally (mating) or artificially (using a special tool). The case is divided into manual (forced) or free.

Instrumental insemination can be either visocervical or rectocervical. More efficient and productive artificial rectocervical method. In Russia, about 90% of cows are inseminated using instrumental methods.

In winter, cows are kept in a barn all year round, with the onset of a period of green grass, many enterprises transfer livestock to non-stall housing with a move to special paddocks for pastures.

Feeding

A special place in the breeding of cattle is feeding. Its key parameters that are important to consider are diet, feeding norms.

The diet of cows includes 6 types of feed.

Green - fresh herbaceous meadow plants.
Juicy - silage, root crops, tops.
Coarse - hay, straw, grassy flour.
Concentrated - bran, grain, legumes, cereals, meal, cake, yeast.
Compound feed.
Animal origin - meat and bone meal, fish meal.

Norms of feeding cows during the stall period (in kg):

Norms of feeding cows during the pasture period (in kg):

In addition to seasonality, the diet is adjusted depending on the specialization of breeding - meat or dairy. For dairy cows, there should be more juicy, green feed. For meat individuals, the amount of concentrated, protein-rich feed increases.

Bulls, gobies and calves have their own dietary habits.

The diet of meat breeds can be of three types:

complete (compound feed);
summer grazing (daily rate of grazing in the fresh air - at least 13 hours);
stall.

Feeding also depends on the condition of the cow:

rest period, dead wood - two months before calving;
milking - the first three months after calving;
lactation;
start - stop milking before the next calving.

Risks and difficulties

Growing and keeping cattle carries a number of risks. This applies to animal diseases. Diseases significantly reduce the quality of products, and infections can lead to the death of the entire livestock.

The main diseases of cows:

foot and mouth disease;
brucellosis;
udder diseases - furunculosis, mastitis, edema;
arthritis;
hoof problems - laminitis, strawberry disease, corolla cellulitis;
endometritis;
blockage of the esophagus;
leukemia;
leptospirosis.

Key causes of diseases:

Poor quality of feed, violation of the diet.
Failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards.
Poor conditions in the barn.

Preventive measures:

feed quality control;
compliance with nutritional standards;
quality care - udder massage, teat treatment, cleaning;
maintaining a comfortable level of maintenance - high-quality bedding, optimal temperature conditions, access to fresh air, absence of drafts, regular walking;
regular disinfection of barns;
vaccination against salmonellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, etc.

It is important to observe the timing and frequency of vaccine administration.

In addition to commercial farming as part of a business project, it is possible to breed cattle at home. The main condition is the availability of land and appropriate outbuildings. Breeding cows is great for private households, this is evidenced by the history of the development of the Russian village.

Breeding dairy cows at home is not so easy. It is necessary to have all the knowledge, create optimal conditions of detention, constantly devote time and energy to the cause.

Knowledge that is necessary for the successful rearing of cows at home for milk or meat:

features of keeping cattle in summer and winter conditions;
the specifics of keeping livestock in a particular region;
variety of meat and dairy breeds of cattle, their profitability;
diet and feeding norms;
diseases, treatment and prevention.

Regular feeding.
Tracking the diet, its seasonal adjustment, taking into account the individual characteristics of animals.
Providing fresh and clean water.
Cleaning of places of detention from manure is carried out every day.
Maintaining the optimum temperature in the room, protecting the stall from drafts.
Arrangement of a comfortable bedding on the floor, its regular updating.
Organization of walking, maintaining the minimum physical activity of the cow.

A well-fed, warm and healthy cow will produce tasty and healthy milk. If necessary, it will become a source of quality beef.

Cattle breeding is considered to be quite a profitable business. Regardless of what type of business is chosen: dairy or meat, the entrepreneur will not need large additional financial costs that scare away novice businessmen. You can start a business by studying the necessary literature well, gaining the necessary knowledge and skills, as well as acquiring the most valuable skills. Before starting your own business, you need to carefully study the features of the development of cattle in the selected region.

A novice entrepreneur must fully understand the essence of the idea and find answers to the following questions:

what are the features of keeping cows in winter and summer;
what breeds of cows need to be grown for the production of meat products. This has been written about in detail;
what breeds of cows are preferable to breed for milk production;
how the process of selling manure will take place.

Having received answers to all the questions posed, it is necessary to decide in which of the directions for breeding cattle the enterprise will work:

for the manufacture of meat products;
to get milk;
for the manufacture of meat products and milk production;
for the sale of the young.

Breeding cows as a business

Having understood all the necessary issues, you can start breeding cows as a business. To create an enterprise, you need:

purchase or lease land;
build a barn;
buy young.

It is desirable to build a cowshed in rural areas. Farms abandoned since Soviet times are perfect for such premises. The area of the production premises should reach 30x6 meters.

A heated room where livestock breeding will directly take place should have an area of 180 - 200 square meters for 30 cows.

It is better to start a business with a small number of cows in order to assess its prospects and, if profitable, it is possible to gradually increase the number of heads.

When choosing a location, it is recommended to give preference to areas close to agricultural enterprises. Being located close to plants that grow plants increases the chances that the manure marketing process will be well established.

When buying young animals, it is necessary to choose dairy or meat breeds depending on the chosen direction of the enterprise.

cowshed - a room for growing bulls

If you decide to build a business on milk, then the following features will help you choose good dairy breeds:

High-yielding cows have a barrel-shaped shape of the middle of the body. They have insufficiently developed muscles, and they have a voluminous stomach. The backbone of such cows is thin, but strong enough.
Dairy cows are distinguished by their elongated light head and small thin horns. They have not forked and not sharp withers.
In dairy breeds, the back, together with the back of the cow's torso, from above, creates a straight line.
The udder of high-yielding cows should be large. It is occasionally covered with delicate hairs. After milking, the udder should decrease significantly in volume, become soft, and form skin folds at the back. The skin of the udder is sufficiently elastic, mobile and easily retracted.
The shape of the udder in high-yielding cows is bowl-shaped or wavy.
Higher productivity of cows is observed in the first third of lactation. With age, growing up to the seventh lactation, productivity begins to decline, so the age of cows is of great importance. In cases where the age of cows cannot be determined, it is recommended to determine it yourself according to the number of ridges on the horns of the animal. Each roller means the presence of one calving. To get the age of the animal, you need to add two years to the resulting number.

If you are planning to create a business on cows of meat breeds, then you need to know what are the main requirements for choosing productive breeds:

large final live weight;
high quality ink;
ability to acclimatize animals;
good reproductive qualities of the queens, which will be able to ensure the receipt of a calf from each cattle annually;
high rate of growth of young animals.

Breeding cows for the purpose of selling young animals is chosen much less frequently. This type of business is very profitable, but is the most difficult and painstaking.

To create an enterprise to breed cows as a business, one cannot do without formalities. For this purpose, it is necessary to register an individual entrepreneur according to the OKVED code 01.2 (livestock). For this type of business, you can choose a simplified taxation system. The choice of such a system involves withholding 6% of the tax from the total income of the enterprise.

When organizing a business, you need to correctly assess the position of competitors. It is best to locate the complex away from such enterprises.

It is also necessary to analyze the market in advance and select points of sale for products. These can be large markets, retail outlets in the nearest settlements, dairies, meat processing plants, or small organizations that buy products for the purpose of their further resale. It is necessary to sign a cooperation agreement with them.

The cost of the meat and dairy business

For an initial investment in a business, an entrepreneur will need about 600 - 700 thousand rubles. For this amount, you can get a loan from a bank by providing a business plan for breeding cows. First of all, it should indicate the direction of business activity and calculate the profitability and payback of the business.

This amount is made up of several components:

170 thousand rubles for the construction of the complex;
250 thousand rubles for the purchase of 5 cows;
170 thousand rubles for the purchase of 12 bulls;
60 thousand rubles for the purchase of feed for a year;
20 thousand rubles to pay laborers.

At first, two handymen will be enough for an entrepreneur. The average salary can be set in the region of 10 thousand rubles. For the following months, money for the wages of workers can be allocated from the profits received.

It is worth remembering that with an increase in the scale of production for breeding cows, special additional equipment will be needed in the future. For a good organization of the work of the barn, it is necessary to purchase additional equipment: machines for feeding, packaging feed and for cleaning manure. It would also be wise to organize your own slaughterhouse in a separate room.

Profitability

The cow breeding business is obviously considered profitable, because the entrepreneur receives a stable income from it every month. In order to estimate the upcoming profit, it is enough to indicate the estimated approximate price for the products sold:

250 rubles per kilogram of beef (retail);
170 rubles per kilogram of beef (wholesale);
35 rubles per liter of milk (retail);
24 rubles per liter of milk (wholesale).

Based on these approximate prices and taking into account the number of heads indicated above, on average, 2-2.5 thousand liters of milk and about 300 kilograms of meat are to be sold per month. Profit from the sale of milk per month will be 48 - 70 thousand rubles, and the total profit for the year will be 570 - 850 thousand rubles. Profit from the sale of meat per month will be 50 - 75 thousand rubles, and the annual income will be 600 - 900 thousand rubles.

It will take about 60 thousand rubles to buy feed for a year. It is important that cows receive a complete feed. In the summer months they are recommended to graze in the meadow, and in the winter they are fed with purchased food, such as dry hay or compound feed. Do not forget about modern vitamin supplements, which must be introduced into the food of cows to make up for the deficiency of vitamins and trace elements.

The wages of handymen will cost the entrepreneur 240 thousand per year. The price of rent and utility bills, in view of their individual calculation, cannot be calculated.

Having made theoretical calculations, net profit will be half the income of the enterprise. This amount will be quite enough to cover the initial investment for 1.5 - 2 years of business operation. In the future, it is possible to develop the enterprise by conducting a natural expansion of the business, gradually increasing the number of livestock, establishing access to new large markets, and thereby raising the level of profitability of the enterprise.

Cattle(abbr. KRS) - farm animals of the subfamily "Bulls". The main purpose of cattle breeding is the production of meat and, obtaining skins and sometimes wool. An additional income in each of the main areas is breeding for the purpose of selling young animals.

From the obligatory in any of the directions, you will definitely need agricultural machinery for harvesting and transporting feed, animals, hand tools, a hayloft, a calf barn, areas for walking and grazing cattle, a barn with stalls, thanks to which it becomes more convenient to feed the animals, as well as to control.

You should immediately think about veterinary medicine, since livestock can get very serious and dangerous diseases such as anthrax, various flus, in which all livestock are allowed to be slaughtered. Any farmer must monitor the cleanliness of his production facilities, pastures and periodically carry out the treatment required by veterinary medicine.

Depending on the possibility of peasant farming, climatic features, as well as requirements for meat, several systems for keeping cattle are used:

stall-pasture. The maintenance is carried out indoors in winter (with regular walking in paddocks), and in summer on a pasture. In warm seasons, camp pens are equipped in which animals are kept. Each cow has access to greenery, water, mineral elements.
Stall-walking system. With him, the herd is kept indoors with mandatory daily walks in special runs, platforms, mechanized installations.

Often farmers build sheds under which bulls and cows rest or hide from bad weather.

Breeding bulls for meat

meat breeds

Since the breeding of breeds that produce high-quality meat, for example, marbled, has become a trend in recent years, we will list first of all meat breeds that have marbling. Many of them are already bred by enterprising businessmen in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Aberdeen Angus

This breed is naturally prone to marbling, and proper fattening and care can give meat of the highest marble category - completely penetrated by the thinnest fatty layers, very juicy and tender. Angus is gaining weight in the region of 1 ton and has a height of up to 1.6 meters. They were bred in Scotland, from where they spread throughout the world, including the CIS countries.

Limousinskaya

Limousines grow up to 1.5 meters in height and gain weight of about 1 ton. The meat is very tender, juicy with varying degrees of marbling. It is the most exported among the French breeds.

Charolais

Originally from France, it grows up to 1.5 meters in height and has a mass of about 1500 kilograms. The best bulls of this breed have a genetic defect in the form of increased production of the protein myostatin, which is responsible for increasing muscle mass. But it is impossible to carry out selection on this basis. However, normal charolais produce excellent marbled and lean meat.

Hereford

Growth in the region of 1.5 meters, weight - in the region of 1100 kg. Herefords are originally from England and were bred as meat. It is quite unpretentious, therefore they occupy one of the most important places in the meat market. With proper fattening, the meat marmorizes very well.

Shorthorn

It was bred in England and is one of the most common. Shorthorns are characterized by high precocity. The weight of cows is 500-600 kg, bulls - 800-1000 kg. The meat is very tender, juicy, with evenly permeated fat. Slaughter yield averages around 65%.

Grain and grass fed

This example is suitable for both a large farm and a small one.

useful links

Codex Alimentarius - FAO Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat
Everything related to cattle // Forum Fermer.ru, communication between farmers on this topic

Breeding cattle (cattle) is one of the most ancient occupations of man. Today, like hundreds of years ago, it can become profitable and bring a good income, if you approach it wisely. It is no coincidence that the people have always called the cow the “nurse”.

The cattle breeding business involves working not only with cows, but also with buffaloes, yaks, etc., however, in Russia it is more profitable and more familiar to breed cows and bulls. Their meat and dairy products will be easier to sell.

Where to start?

When dealing with cows, you will have to regularly resort to the services of a veterinarian, even if the livestock is completely healthy. According to Russian law, there are a number of mandatory annual vaccinations against certain severe or rapidly spreading diseases: mad cow disease, rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, leptospirosis, and so on.

In addition, the veterinarian will issue animal health certificates, which will be needed for the sale of meat and milk. So, get to know the veterinarian you will see regularly. Next, you need to calculate the initial investment and proceed to purchases.

When buying cattle, be sure to ask for a certificate from the veterinarian that each animal is healthy.

barn construction

First you need to build a cowshed. It should be a thoughtful, well-planned building. The barn must be warm. This does not mean that it must be heated, not at all. The main thing is that there are no cracks and holes that result in a draft.

In temperate and northern latitudes, winters are very frosty. If you want to get maximum milk yield and growth, it is better to provide heating during this period, at least in a calf barn. Most cows are hid in the spring, leaving the herd after wintering, so calving, as a rule, occurs in the winter months.

The room should have opening windows, as good lighting and sufficient ventilation are required in the warm season. It is necessary to make a wide entrance. When the cow is in position, her sides become very wide. In addition, when walking, it sways, so the optimal width of the opening is 1.5 m.

The barn can be simple or automated, but in any case it must be warm and contain plumbing, sewer drains, separate stalls with feeders and drinkers.

Next, you need to provide drain channels for draining the liquid. The general drain should go beyond the barn, do it at a slope. If you do not want the presence of a heavy smell, equip concrete cesspools with hatches. Each unit of cattle should have its own place with a feed sector and a drinker. It is advisable to separate the stalls with a structure of welded pipes, since the cows are not always friendly to each other, and we do not need fights in the barn.

Purchase of livestock

This is a very important step in setting up a farm: what kind of cows and bulls you buy will determine the profitability of your business. In Russia, there are both purely thoroughbred animals and half-breeds, and often with incest. It is useless to expect large milk yields and gains from such specimens. It is better to purchase animals in nurseries or on large farms, where the purity of the breed is closely monitored.

When purchasing cattle, there are two options: buy adult (but not old) cows or buy young animals and raise them yourself. The second option is fraught with great risk, since not every heifer subsequently becomes a good dairy or beef cow. In addition, the results from it will have to wait at least a year.

When selling cattle, you can slip an old cow. The life expectancy of cows is 16-20 years. At the same time, a large amount of milk with good care can be obtained only at the age of 3 to 13 years. A cow can have 11-12 calvings in her life. Calves are born annually. The gestation period is 9 months.

The cow gives the maximum amount of milk at the age of 4-8 years, starting from the 3rd calving. Milk appears after the first calving. It is more profitable and reliable to take young cows that have already calved at least 1 time.

After the cow stops calving, her milk disappears, and she becomes useless in terms of obtaining products. Such pensioners are sent for sausage, as their meat is already quite tough. In order not to buy an old cow, pay attention to her horns. Every year a new headband appears on them. They are visible in shape and different shades. If there are a lot of rims, then the cow is no longer young. Their optimal number is 3-6 pieces, no more.

Investment size

Investments, like the farm itself, can be different. It depends on the number and breed of livestock, the size and degree of automation of the barn, the availability of an agricultural base for growing feed, and many other nuances. To get an idea of the investment in cattle breeding, let's take a certain type of farm, with an initial number of 10 animals with completely purchased feed (without own cultivation).

The cost of a young dairy cow varies from 30,000 rubles to 50,000 € (Dutch dairy breeds). If purchased in Russian nurseries, the average price is 50,000 rubles. Thus, we will need 500,000 rubles to buy cows. Buying food also varies depending on the time of year. In winter, in addition to compound feed, hay is required. In autumn, feed can be replaced with vegetables and fruits.

On average, one cow when walking on pasture requires a bucket of vegetables or 1/3 bucket of top dressing. If the grass is juicy, grows abundantly, top dressing can be halved. The cost of building a barn depends on the selected building materials, the nuances of architecture and interior design. For the first time, you can completely get by with a small building.

So, in total, at least 1,000,000 rubles will have to be paid for the barn, cows and initial feed. Let's add to this inventory and wages for employees who will need an advance payment already in the first month.

Step-by-step instruction

So, having decided to choose cattle breeding as your business, be patient and diligent. Working with animals requires a reasonable attitude and self-confidence. Even if you only saw cows on TV or on your way to a picnic, this craft can be learned pretty quickly. To get started you will need:

Cowshed.
Animals.
Elementary equipment: vegetable cutter, grain crusher, separator, milking machines.
Stern.
Inventory (buckets, flasks).
Livestock inspection by a veterinarian.
Registration with the administration of the rural settlement.
Opening a sole proprietorship or farming.
hired workers.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated. If you buy cattle already at a productive age, you can make a profit almost immediately by selling dairy products.

Sales of products

The first products from cows have been received, it's time to think about how to sell them. There are many types of cattle products. Here you need to decide which is more profitable. For the manufacture of each product will require its own small production or certain equipment. For example, to make cream and cottage cheese from milk, you need a separator. For the manufacture of stew, a canning line is needed.

You can start selling milk and meat in its pure form, if the capital is not too large. It is not as profitable, but it will require less investment. Processing facilities can be equipped later. Ways to sell products:

City or village market.
Catering establishments.
The shops.
Own outlets.
Dairies, meat processing plants.
Institutions and enterprises using meat and dairy products.

Each of these methods has its pros and cons. For different types of sales, certain additional items of expenses will be required, as well as the execution of special documents. For example, for sale in your own stall or store, you will have to open it with a full set of documents and change the form of tax reporting accordingly. As a farmer or individual entrepreneur under the simplified taxation system, you will no longer pass.

To sell products, certificates from a veterinarian and a conclusion from a laboratory on the quality and suitability of dairy and meat products are required.

The easiest way is to donate milk or meat to factories. All you need is a health certificate for the animal. Laboratory studies of product quality are carried out at the enterprises themselves. The cost of sales will be several times less than with other methods of sale, but you can deliver any amount of milk and meat to the enterprise.

The choice of location for your farm must be justified. It is necessary that there are convenient transport routes, that is, the places for the sale of meat and dairy products are close and easily accessible. Otherwise, it is necessary to purchase special equipment with a refrigerator, since the products are perishable. For customers to like your products, they must be exceptionally fresh.

As mentioned earlier, a close location of the veterinary service is necessary. Calling a doctor from afar will bring additional costs. In addition, in case of illness of livestock, his help may be late. Within a radius of 10 km there should be an equipped cattle burial ground. An important aspect is the presence of meadows and reservoirs in the selected area so that the animals can eat and drink freely.

As a rule, all these conditions are created in medium and large villages of regional centers, where the local population is engaged in cattle breeding. There is also a common herd, where you can drive out your livestock. It is not worth setting up a farm on the outskirts of the city. There will be problems with grazing, polluted ecology (strongly affects the health of cows) and residents of neighboring houses.

The documents

Opening the status of an individual entrepreneur or a farmer at the stage of setting up a farm is unprofitable, since there is no profit yet. The exception is cases with the use of subsidies from the state:

To open a small business for breeding cattle. 60,000 rubles are given once and the same amount for each registered employee. You need to provide a business plan and have a ready barn.
To support farming. Up to 1,500,000 rubles are issued depending on the volume of an existing agricultural enterprise or upon opening a farm.

In the first 12 months, with income not exceeding 40,000 rubles, you do not need to pay tax. The tax liability is considered "deferred" in accordance with Art. 256 (clause 1) of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

When registering any of these small business statuses, at the first stage it is more expedient to switch to a simplified form of taxation.

With the further development of the business, both processing industries and trading enterprises will be added to the breeding of cattle. Tax reporting will be somewhat different. This can be the ESHN (single agricultural tax) or the form of the simplified tax system (income minus expenses).