The concept of financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Financial analysis What does financial activity mean

"Is considered in two aspects as a combination:

economic relationsarising in the process of creation, distribution and use of certain funds of funds necessary for the state to perform its tasks and functions;
funds of fundsmobilized by the state to carry out their tasks.

The financial system of the Russian Federation, its composition

The totality of links in their interconnection, which are part of the finances of the Russian Federation, form the financial system of Russia, which consists of the following institutions:

with entering it and;
extrabudgetary trust funds;
, associations, organizations, institutions, branches of the national economy;
(state and bank).

The financial system also includes non-state funds (federal and regional, for example, non-state pension funds); banking system funds; funds of insurance organizations; funds of public and regional organizations; funds of other legal entities.

Financial institution - This is a group of homogeneous economic relations, interconnected in the forms and methods of accumulation or distribution of funds.

The unity of the financial system of the Russian Federation

The independence of the subjects of the Federation should not go beyond the foundations of federal financial policy, as well as the jointly established general principles of taxation and fees. The system of taxes levied into the federal budget and the general principles of taxation and levies are established by federal law.

Unity of financial policy - a necessary condition for the unity of the economic space in the Russian Federation guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the free movement of funds (Article 75).

Financial activity of the state, functions, principles and methods of its implementation

Financial activity of the state - this is the implementation by him of the functions of systematic education, distribution and use of funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense and security.

Characterizing the financial activity of the state, it should be emphasized that this is a special type of state activity, since it is carried out by state bodies of all three branches of state power: legislative, executive and judicial within their competence.

The content of the financial activity of the state is expressed in numerous and varied functions in the field of education, distribution and use of state funds (budget and credit resources; insurance funds; financial resources of the branches of the national economy and state enterprises). The functions of financial activity are also performed by the state administration bodies of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation (ministries, state committees, departments, etc.) within the framework of the branches or spheres of government referred to their competence.

Financial principles

The financial activity of the state and local self-government bodies is based on certain principles, that is, fundamental rules and requirements that express its most essential features and purposefulness. The main content of these principles is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The main ones are federalism, legality, publicity, planning.

The principle of federalismin financial activities it is manifested in the establishment by the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the delineation of the competence of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of finance. So, in Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation stipulates that the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes: financial, currency, credit regulation, money issue, federal banks, the federal budget, federal taxes and duties; the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation includes the establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation (Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The principle of legalityin financial activities it is expressed in the fact that the entire process of creating, distributing and using funds of funds is regulated in detail by the norms of financial law, the observance of which is ensured by the possibility of applying state coercion measures to offenders.

The principle of publicity when carrying out financial activities, it is manifested in the procedure for communicating to citizens, including through the media, the content of projects of various financial and legal acts, adopted reports on their implementation, the results of audits and audits of financial activities, etc.

Planning principle means that all financial activities of the state are based on a whole system of financial and planning acts, the structure of which, the procedure for drawing up, approving, and executing are enshrined in the relevant regulatory acts.

Financial activity methods

The financial activity of the state is carried out by various methods. As a management system, financial activity manifests itself in a variety of methods. Their diversity depends on many factors: the subject of the relationship, the conditions for the accumulation and use of funds.

The methods of carrying out financial activities in the legal literature are usually divided into two groups: methods of collecting funds and methods of their distribution and use.

The most important method of collecting funds for state (Federal budget and budgets of subjects of the Federation) and local budgets is tax method - the method of establishing taxes. Unlike the tax method, which is characterized by a compulsory (mandatory) nature of the withdrawal of funds, it is also applied voluntary contribution method - purchase of state and municipal securities, donations, bank deposits, etc.

In the distribution and use of public funds, two most important methods are used: the method of financing and lending.

Funding method is expressed in the gratuitous and irrevocable provision of funds.

Lending means the allocation (provision) of funds on the terms of compensation (payment) and repayment. Financing is applied to state organizations, the lending method is applied both to state organizations and other non-state organizations.

Constitutional foundations of the financial activity of the Russian Federation

Federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation carry out the functions of financial activities in accordance with the delimitation of jurisdiction between the Federation and its constituent entities established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Thus, the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes: the establishment of the foundations of federal financial policy, financial and credit regulation, federal economic services, including federal banks, federal taxes and fees, federal funds for regional development (Article 71). The joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects includes the establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation (Article 72). Outside these limits, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have full state power in the field of finance (Article 73.76).

The system and legal status of the authorities carrying out the financial activities of the state

There is a system of governing bodies for which the financial activity itself is the main one that determines the content of their competence. This system of financial and credit authoritiesspecially created for financial management and for implementation in this area as its integral function. These bodies cover all links with their influence: budget, targeted non-budgetary funds, credit, insurance, finance of enterprises, organizations, institutions. Thus, the system of financial and credit bodies in the Russian Federation has been significantly rebuilt in connection with the economic transformations: new bodies have appeared (Federal Treasury, commercial banks), the structure of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the corresponding lower bodies have been rebuilt.

AT a unified system of state financial management bodies the Russian Federation includes the Russian Federation, ministries of finance of the republics, financial departments in other constituent entities of the Federation, and federal treasury bodies. In addition, financial departments are formed in the system of local self-government of administrative-territorial units (districts and cities).

A feature of financial activity is that it is carried out by all government bodies, depending on the established competence.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation The State Duma discusses and passes federal laws on issues; ; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation; monetary issue. Federal laws adopted by the State Duma are subject to mandatory consideration by the Federation Council and the President of the Russian Federation.

President of Russian Federation how the head of state ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of public authorities in the field of finance based on the provisions of the Constitution and federal laws, determines the main directions of the state's domestic and foreign policy, in accordance with which the financial policy is built. With annual messages on the situation in the country, on the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, the President of the Russian Federation addresses the Federal Assembly (Articles 80, 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders on the formation and execution of budgets, extra-budgetary state funds, financing of state expenditures at the federal level, organizing settlements, regulating currency and other financial relations, organizing bodies of the financial and credit system, through the Control Department of the President of the Russian Federation.

Financial and budgetary management The President of the Russian Federation was formed in order to provide information and analytical support to the President of the Russian Federation in the field of financial and budgetary problems as part of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. Its activities cover the areas of general government finance, budget, tax policy, insurance, pricing, credit relations and monetary circulation.

RF government exercises its powers in the field of budgetary, financial, credit and monetary policy, determined by the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". In particular, the Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy; develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma and ensures its implementation, etc.

Representative and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government perform functions in the field of finance in the corresponding territory within the limits of their competence.

Government bodies of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, fulfilling their main tasks in a certain field of activity, simultaneously carry out financial activities that ensure the fulfillment of their main tasks and functions.

To carry out financial activities, special government bodies were created as the main function:

Russian Federation;
Russian Federation;

So, financial and legal acts are decisions of state bodies adopted in the prescribed form and having legal consequences on issues of financial activity that are within their competence.

Financial and legal acts can be classified according to their legal properties, legal nature, bodies issuing them, and other grounds.

By their legal properties, financial and legal acts are divided into normative and individual ones. Regulatory acts include acts that regulate a group of homogeneous financial relations and contain general rules of conduct for their participants, that is, legal norms. Regulatory financial and legal acts establish the types of financial obligations (taxes and other payments) of enterprises and citizens to the state, the procedure for calculating established payments, typical features of payers, the procedure for spending public funds, the procedure for conducting financial control, etc.

By their legal nature, financial and legal acts are divided into:

legislative ones, which include laws adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation, laws of the constituent entities of the Federation on the financial activities of the state;
subordinate.

Financial planning acts - these are acts adopted in the process of financial activities of the state and local governments, which contain specific tasks in the field of finance for a certain period, that is, they are plans for the mobilization, distribution and use of financial resources.

Financial planning acts include:

the main financial plan of the state - the Russian Federation, the state budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets;
financial plans of state and municipal trust funds;
financial and credit and cash plans of banks;
financial plans of insurance organizations;
financial plans and estimates of ministries, departments, other government bodies;
financial plans (balances of income and expenses) of enterprises and associations;
estimates of institutions, organizations that are on the state and local budgets.

Financial planning acts receive their legal registration in the acts of the relevant state bodies. So, the federal budget is approved by the law of the Russian Federation, the budget of the institution - by the ministry to which this institution is subordinate. A financial planning act approved in accordance with the established procedure regulates financial relations and causes legal consequences like any financial and legal act.

1.Finance: concept and role.

Any state is intended to carry out certain functions. To implement them, it uses such a mechanism as finance, which appears in connection with commodity-money relations and the emergence of the state itself. Currently, the concept of finance is considered in 2 aspects: material and economic. In the material aspectfinances represent the monetary funds of the state, its territorial divisions, municipalities and legal entities. Economicallyfinance is an economic category. They represent certain relations - monetary, associated with the formation, distribution and use of monetary funds and resources of the state, municipalities and other public and private entities. To meet the economic and social needs of the population and other entities.

The role of finance in the socio-economic life of any state is expressed in the functions they perform. The most common are distribution and control. There are also regulating and stabilizing functions. The essence of the distributive function is that through finance, the distribution and redistribution of the aggregate social product and national income in monetary form takes place, in order to meet various social and state needs. Control function. With the help of finance, control over the production and distribution of material and social benefits in the country is carried out. It will be implemented with the help of state and municipal authorities (tax, customs, etc.), which will be entrusted with control powers in certain areas. Regulatory function - its essence is the impact on government processes through finance.

2. Financial activity of the state and municipalities: concept, methods, principles.

The financial activity of the state is the public activity of subjects of financial law based on legal norms to create an optimal mechanism of financial and legal regulation for the systematic formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized monetary funds of general importance. It is carried out by attracting funds to special purpose funds by distributing them among the links of the financial system.

The financial activity of municipalities is the implementation by the relevant municipal entity, represented by the competent authorities, of functions for the systematic accumulation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds in order to carry out public tasks and functions of the local community, as well as delegated powers of the state. to solve problems of local importance, which are determined by the legislation on local self-government. The financial activity of municipalities is carried out through the bodies of the MSU.

Financial activity methods:

1) education - funds are generated by compulsory payments, as well as by voluntary payments;

2) distribution - when distributing public funds, two main methods are used: financing (irrevocable and gratuitous provision of these funds) and lending (allocation of funds on the basis of repayment and repayment);

3) use of funds - the receipt in the process of financial activities of funds at the disposal of the state, legal entities and individuals, their use is carried out through settlement operations.

Principles: 1. The principle of federalism (financial activities should be aimed at combining general federal interests with the interests of the subjects of the Russian Federation). 2. The unity of financial policy and the monetary system (the independence of the subjects of the federation should not go beyond the foundations of the federal financial policy). 3. Equality of the subjects of the federation in the field of financial children. 4. The independence of financial children of the MSU organs. 5. Social orientation of financial children. 6. The distribution of functions in the field of financial children occurs on the basis of the separation of legislative and executive powers. 7.Participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the financial workers of the state and local authorities. 8. The principle of publicity (official publication of laws). 9. The principle of planning (the activity of the state in education, distribution and use of financial resources is carried out on the basis of financial plans).

3. Forms of financial activities of the state and municipalities.

The financial activity of the state can proceed in 2 forms: legal and non-legal.

The non-legal form manifests itself in the form of holding meetings, meetings of committees of representative bodies on financial issues, in the form of explaining financial legislation to the population.

The legal form is expressed in the adoption of legal acts. Financial legal acts are adopted on financial activities. They are classified on several grounds.

According to their legal properties, they are divided into normative, individual, mixed. Regulatory acts include the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation” and others. Individual acts include tax notifications on the payment of taxes, a tax audit act, an audit act. Mixed acts - laws and acts on the budget for a specific year.

By their legal nature, they are: 1) legislative and acts of representative bodies of LSG and 2) by-laws.

Among the financial and legal acts, the financial planning act is distinguished. Their features: 1. They are adopted as a result of activities based on planned programs and plans for the economic development of a country or region. 2. They contain specific tasks, economic indicators and they have a certain period of validity (a year or 3 years) - this is the federal, local budget, budget estimates, estimates of income and expenses, etc.

4. The financial system of the Russian Federation: concept, structure, development at the present stage.

The Financial Intelligence Agency of the Russian Federation currently includes several interconnected institutions and bodies. The financial system of the Russian Federation is understood as: 1) a set of financial institutions, each of which contributes to the formation and use of appropriate funds. 2) a set of state bodies and institutions carrying out financial activities within their competence.

The financial system of the Russian Federation includes: 1. the state budgetary system, consisting of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of the local government. 2. extra-budgetary special funds. 3. state and bank loans. 4. insurance funds. 5. finances of business entities and industries. The head of the system of financial bodies is the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, which is the executive body that ensures the implementation of a unified state policy and exercises overall management of the organization of finance in the country. The functions of financial activity are also performed by the state administration bodies of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation within the framework of the branches or spheres of management referred to their competence. The unified system of state financial management bodies of the Russian Federation includes: the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the ministries of finance of the republics, financial departments and other bodies of financial management in the territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous okrugs, Moscow and S-P, as well as bodies of the Federal Treasury ...

5. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation: legal status, structure, functions.

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation heads the system of financial bodies and is an executive body. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation acts on the basis of the Regulations on it, approved by the Post. Right. RF from 30.06.2004. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation exercises general management of the organization of finance in the country. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation is headed by the Minister, appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. Along with the budgetary department, the following departments are organized within the Ministry of Finance: tax reforms, government securities and the financial market, financing of agricultural development programs, financial programs for the development of industrial infrastructure and the consumer market, financing of programs for the development of the sphere of material production and conversion, financing of social . spheres and science, financing of defense, law and order and security, monetary and financial regulation, methodology of accounting and reporting.

In accordance with the tasks assigned to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation "Regulations on the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation: 1. participates in the development of a comprehensive analysis of economic development, develops the necessary measures for financial and tax incentives for entrepreneurial and other farm activities in the country. 2. participates in the work on the preparation of long-term and short-term forecasts of the functioning of the economy. 3. organizes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and prepares the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation on the basis of the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 4. provides methodological guidance in the field of financial and budgetary planning, preparation and execution of the budget, financing of production and social and cultural spheres. 5. Together with the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies, analyzes the progress of the economic reform, etc.

6. Bodies carrying out financial activities: system, general character.

Types of bodies carrying out financial activities:

1) bodies of general competence that exercise general regulation and control over financial activities: a) the President of the Russian Federation - signs and promulgates the Federal Law on the federal budget; b) legislative (representative) bodies of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities (for example, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation) - consider and accept (or reject) the budgets of the corresponding levels; c) executive bodies of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and municipalities (for example, the Government of the Russian Federation) - submit the draft budget to the legislative (representative) bodies, carry out general management of its execution;

2) bodies of special competence, created specifically for the implementation of financial activities: a) the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The main task is to develop a unified state financial, credit, monetary policy; b) Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation. Tasks: - organization, implementation and control over the implementation of the RF budget, management of funds in the Treasury accounts; - regulation of financial relations between the budget of the Russian Federation and state extra-budgetary funds, financial execution of these funds, control over their funds; - collection, processing and analysis of information on the state of state finances; - management and servicing, jointly with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, of the state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation; c) Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties. The main tasks in the field of financial activities: - control over the correctness of calculation, completeness and timeliness of payment of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments to the relevant budget and state extra-budgetary funds; - participation in the development and implementation of tax policy in order to ensure the timely receipt of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments in full to the relevant budget and state extra-budgetary funds; - implementation of currency control within the competence of the tax authorities; d) Bank of Russia. Main objectives: - develops and implements a unified state monetary policy in cooperation with the Government of the Russian Federation; - monopolistically issues cash and organizes cash circulation; - establishes the rules for making settlements in the Russian Federation; - establishes the rules for conducting banking operations; - carries out servicing of accounts of budgets of all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation through settlements on behalf of authorized executive bodies and state extra-budgetary funds.

7.Fin. Law: concept, subject, methods, differences from other branches of law.

Financial right Is a branch of Russian law, the norms of which regulate public relations arising in the process of systematic education, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized monetary funds (financial resources) of the state and municipalities, as well as other monetary funds of a public nature necessary for the implementation of relevant tasks state and local issues. P subject of financial law -these are financial relations, i.e. social relations arising in the process of systematic education, distribution and use of funds of the state and municipalities. entities (financial resources), as well as other monetary funds of a public nature in order to implement the tasks of the state and resolve issues of local importance. The method of financial law is a way of influencing public relations. In the current system of law, two possible methods of influence are enshrined in order to fulfill the norms of law: the administrative-legal method (based on the unequal position of the parties - from the relationship of power and subordination) and the civil-law method (based on equality of parties, on economic regulation instruments). The content of this or that method of influencing social relations, its specificity stem from the peculiarities of legal influence, that is, from those material goods, about which social relations arise and develop.

Thus, state (constitutional) law is the leading branch in the legal system. It consolidates the foundations of the social system and policy of the Russian Federation, the legal status of the individual, the federal state structure, the principles of the organization and activities of state authorities and local authorities. Financial law is based and develops on these foundations.

Administrative law regulates public relations in the field of public administration, carried out by executive authorities. Financial law applies to both of these types of government activities, since financial activities can be carried out by both bodies.

Financial law is closely related to civil law, since it also includes monetary relations among property relations.

Financial activity of the state - this is the implementation by him of the functions of systematic education (formation), distribution and use of funds (financial resources) in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense and security, as well as use financial resources for the activities of state bodies.

Financial activity of municipalities , carried out through local self-government bodies, is aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government. It represents the implementation of the function of systematic education (formation), distribution and use of municipal (local) monetary funds in order to implement socio-economic tasks of local importance and provide financial resources for the activities of local self-government bodies. A feature of municipal financial activity is the provision of financial means for the fulfillment of goals and objectives stipulated by the local community and the delegated powers of the state.

The financial activity of the state should be considered from two sides:

as a special type of economic activity;
as a kind of government.

Financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity

Signs characterizing the financial activity of the state as a special type of economic activity:

issue of banknotes (emission);
organization and regulation of money circulation in the country;
settlements.

Money serves as a measure of the cost of goods and services, is a universal equivalent that helps to quickly and efficiently exchange one product for another, contributes to the normal operation of economic mechanisms in the field of both public and private business, and helps to satisfy their needs in the most convenient form.

In the process of carrying out financial activities, the state collects (mobilizes) funds, distributes the mobilized funds (redistributes) and creates budgetary, off-budget, reserve and other monetary funds. This is a very significant sign of the financial activity of the state. At the same time, the state uses various methods: establishing taxes and fees, voluntarily attracting funds from the population through a state loan, lottery, etc.

In this regard, the creation of the federal budget as a centralized fund of the Russian Federation intended to finance the functions and tasks of national importance (defense, foreign affairs), as well as for the redistribution of funds between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to equalize the conditions of their social economic development.

The RF Budget Code provides for the creation of major state non-budgetary funds, which include the RF Pension Fund, the RF Social Insurance Fund, the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and other funds. Financial funds discipline the state, oblige officials to use funds legally and for the purposes specified in the law. The creation of funds in the process of mobilizing funds, their distribution and redistribution is the main direction in the financial activity of the state.

In the process of financial activity, the state spends money. The state carries out expenditures on the army and defense from the federal budget; from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation pays pensions to citizens; from reserve funds recovers losses incurred by cities and villages as a result of natural disasters, etc.

Spending money, the state:

applies budget funding, i.e. targeted, gratuitous, irrevocable release of state funds;
applies bank lending, i.e. issuance of repayable loans, for the use of which citizens and legal entities pay interest;
pays insurance benefits, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is formed, first of all, by such types of it as emission, tax, budgetary, expenditure activities. However, the panorama of the financial activity of the state also shows its other components (types): currency, credit, insurance, financial control, etc.

Financial activity of the state as a type of management activity

The financial activity of the state is a “special branch of government”. In this capacity, the financial activity of the state is:

imperious, based on the instructions of state (public) authorities;
state-planned, carried out within a specified time (quarter, year);
coordinating;
controlling.

Managerial character financial activity is manifested in the fact that it is carried out on the basis of legal management decisions of both representative and executive authorities. In the hierarchy of such decisions, the leading place belongs to acts of representative bodies, primarily federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Federation on budgets, taxes, etc.

The majority of managerial decisions in the field of financial activities of the state are acts of executive authorities, and this is natural, because mainly these bodies carry out financial activities (Ministry of Finance of Russia, tax services). At the same time, in each specific case, the implementation of financial activities is a hierarchical relationship between two subjects: one of them commands, implements a directing, coordinating, controlling influence, and the other subject falls under his authority. This impact is most noticeable in the tax legal relationship (tax authority - taxpayer), in the budgetary procedural legal relationship (legislative body - authority).

Financial activities are management activities coordinating nature, in the process of implementation of which, depending on the circumstances, the appropriate ratio of the expenditure side to the revenue side of budgets of various levels is established by means of budgetary regulation: interest deductions from taxes to certain budgets, the provision of grants, subventions and subsidies, etc. However, coordination as a managerial influence in coordinating the actions of various financial bodies can hardly be limited to the budgetary sphere alone. It applies to emission, tax, currency and other areas of financial activities of the state.

Planning is inherently inherent in financial activity as management activity. For example, the execution of the budget, both in terms of revenues and expenditures, is carried out strictly according to the plan: each income and each expenditure of the budget are provided for by law and are implemented at the time established by law. In other words, the financial activity of any state organization is carried out not arbitrarily, but on the basis of some financial and planning act: estimates of income and expenses of a budgetary institution, balance of income and expenses of an enterprise, cash plan, etc.

Thus, the financial activity of the state is a planned process of mobilizing funds, creating financial funds, spending funds for the effective implementation of its tasks and functions by the state.

An integral part of the financial activities of the state as a management category is financial control activities, which is carried out by the competent authorities of the state (the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation) in the process of mobilizing funds into state financial funds and their use in the interests of society and the state.

State financial control applies to both state and municipal financial structures, and private business. Thus, the state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercise control over the observance of tax and budget legislation by local authorities.

So, the financial activity of the state is the activity of issuing banknotes and organizing monetary circulation in the country, mobilizing funds into state and municipal funds, using them in the interests of society and the state, and this activity is carried out on the basis of management decisions, financial planning and control over the correctness of all financial transactions, both state (public) and private structures.

There is one more sign of the financial activity of the state, which should be mentioned separately: this activity is carried out on a strictly legal basis.

The need to use finance has led to the implementation by the state and municipalities of special, namely, financial activities. In the course of financial activity, a systematic and purposeful formation, distribution and use of state and municipal centralized and decentralized funds is carried out.

So, financial activities of the state - this is the implementation by him of the functions of systematic education, distribution and use of funds in order to implement the tasks of socio-economic development, ensure the country's defense and security, as well as use financial resources for the activities of state bodies.

Fin. the activities of municipalities, carried out through local self-government bodies, are aimed at solving problems of local importance, determined by the legislation on local self-government. It represents the implementation of functions for the planned education, distribution and use of munits. den. funds in order to implement socio-economic tasks of local importance and provide financial resources for the activities of local governments.

The financial activity of public authorities and local self-government bodies is linked by a general focus on the needs of society, is of a public nature, although it differs in specific tasks. The main, defining goal of this activity should be, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 1 of article 7), the creation of conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development of a person.

The implementation of effective financial activities of the state is a factor necessary for the implementation of a fair social policy, which in the transition to a market economy requires the elimination of the negative aspects of the latter.

By means of fin. activities the material basis necessary for the functioning of state bodies is being created. power and management, law enforcement. bodies, ensuring the country's defense and security.

Impact of the state and municipalities on socio-economic processes is carried out not only in the form of direct financial support, allocation of funds for certain plans, programs, etc., but also indirectly - through the provision of tax incentives, the use of low interest rates for lending or the provision of interest-free loans, tax deferral payments, etc. in order to stimulate any activity recognized by the state as a priority. Conversely, restrictive measures can be applied.

Fin. activity affects the development of federative relations and local government. An important aspect of it is the distribution of fin. resources between fed. bodies and subjects of the Federation, as well as municipalities. entities, which is important for the regulation and coordination of production and the development of the socio-cultural sphere throughout Russia, as well as the corresponding territorial levels. Regional policy in the Russian Federation should be aimed at leveling the conditions for the socio-economic development of regions while creating a single economic space.

As an integral part of the mechanism of public administration and regulation of socio-economic processes, financial activity contains ample opportunities to influence the development of market relations.

When characterizing the financial activities of the Russian Federation on the present stage it is important to note that it is carried out in the context of economic cooperation with the CIS countries. Russia proceeds from the tasks of strengthening and developing equal and mutually beneficial economic relations with these states, and developing integration relations with them. To regulate and develop such cooperation, a special body has been created - the Ministry for the Commonwealth of Independent States. Within the CIS, there is an Interstate Economic Committee, which consists of deputy heads of government and is a permanent body of the Economic Union. Agreements are also concluded on certain issues of financial activity (for example, on the avoidance of double taxation and prevention of tax evasion).

Foreign economic relations The subjects of the Russian Federation are also carried out within the limits of the powers granted to them by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation, as well as by agreements between federal authorities and the subjects of the Russian Federation. The general procedure for coordinating these ties is established by a special federal law. The results of international and foreign economic relations are reflected in the income and expenditures of state funds of the Federation and its subjects.

Question 5. Basic principles of public finance. activities, their constitutional consolidation.

Fin. activities of the state and local self-government bodies. based on certain principles, i.e. on the fundamental rules and requirements that express its most essential features and purposefulness. The main content of these principles is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, follows both from the general provisions on the foundations of the organization and functioning of the Russian state, and those specifically related to its fin. activity, and is concretized in the norms of fin. rights. By virtue of its content(direct to the reg-e of relations in the field of financial. activity of the state and municipalities. formations) and consolidation in the norms of fin. they are, in essence, the principles of Fin. rights. Among them are the following.

Etc. priority of public interest in pr. reg-and relations in the field of fin. activities of the state and munits. formations. This principle is assumed. use of financial legal institutions for the purposes of state. reg-I of the economy, proceeding from the generally significant tasks of the society. Ultimately, the implementation of this principle is reflected in the private interests of the individual. Particularly important is its action acquired. in crisis economics. conditions.

The principle of federalism, according to which in Fin. activities should combine federal interests with the interests of the constituent entities of the Federation, ensured through its necessary financial. resources to carry out functions of general importance to the Federation as a whole.

Finnish unity politics and monetary system... The independence of the subjects of the Federation should not go beyond the foundations of the Fed. fin. policies, as well as jointly established general principles of taxation and fees. The system of taxes levied in the fed. budget, and the general principles of taxation and fees, as well as the list of taxes levied in the country are established by the fed. legislation. It also enshrines the unity of the budgetary system, a single procedure for financing budget expenditures, etc. The unity of financial policy and the monetary system is a necessary condition for the unity of the economic space in the Russian Federation guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the free movement of funds.

Equality of subjects of the Federation in the field of fin. activity is determined by Art. 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Each of the constituent entities of the Federation is equally subject to the Fed. fin. legislation. Outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction, each of the subjects of the Federation has its own legal reg-e fin. relations and independent fin. activity, approves the budget, sets taxes, etc.

Finnish independence activities of local governments guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 12, 130-133). These bodies are guided in their activities by the legislation of the Russian Federation and acc. subject of the Federation. They are selfish. approve and execute the local budget, form and use extra-budgetary funds, set local taxes and fees acc. with fed. legislative and legislative acts of the subject of the Federation.

Social orientation Fin. activities in the Russian Federation follows from the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which characterizes the Russian Federation as a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating a level that ensures a decent life and free development of a person (Article 7). This policy provides for the protection of labor and health of people, the establishment of a guaranteed minimum wage, etc.

Distribution of functions in the field of fin. activities on the basis of division of legislation. and will execute. authorities. Based on this principle, the Constitution of the Russian Federation determines the powers of the legislator. and will execute. authorities. So, State. The Duma adopts the Federal Law (Part 1 of Art. 105), in particular, laws on Fed. budget, fed. taxes and fees, financial, currency, credit registration, money issue. The powers of the Government include the development and presentation of State. Duma project fed. budget and ensuring its implementation, ensuring the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy (clause "b", part 1 of article 114). The distribution of functions at other levels of legislative (representative) and executive bodies is similar.

The principle of publicity... Its foundations are established by the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, requiring officers. publication of laws, which immediately applies to laws regulating financial activities.

Planning principle expressed in the fact that the activities of the state and the munits. formations for the formation, distribution and use of fin. resources are implemented on the basis of fin. plans developed in accordance with the state. and local plans and programs, as well as plans of enterprises, organizations and institutions.

The principle of legality means the need for strict observance of the requirements of financial-legal norms by all participants in relations arising in the process of financial. activities, including state. authorities, local self-government bodies., enterprises, organizations, uchr. and citizens. This principle follows from Art. 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which defined the Russian Federation as a legal state. It is also enshrined in other articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 2, 15, 57, etc.). For violations of Fin. rights apply appropriate liability measures.

Question 6. Forms and methods of public financial activities.

The forms of financial activity of the state are varied. Each of them practically expresses the actions of state bodies and local self-government bodies on education, distribution and use of financial resources at the appropriate level.

By nature these forms can be legal and non-legal. Legal forms are expressed in the adoption of legal acts in connection with the establishment or application of norms. Non-legal forms are instructing the financial service of enterprises, holding meetings in the apparatus of financial and tax authorities, meetings of committees on budgetary and financial issues of representative bodies of power, explaining financial legislation to the population and other organizational work; financial and technical operations (calculations of payments and allocations from budgets, volumes of financing and lending); financial and economic analysis; preparation of materials for financial planning, forecasting and reporting, etc.

They have no legal significance, but they create preconditions for the implementation of legal forms of financial activity, in which the state-imperious nature of the actions of state authorities in the field of finance is manifested.

Specific legal forms of financial activity are due to the fact that it proceeds in the form of activities of representative and executive authorities of all levels and organizational and legal forms.

Question 7. The concept and types of financial acts.

Carrying out financial activities, state bodies and local self-government bodies, within their competence, adopt financial and legal acts, through which, within their powers, regulate public relations in the field of accumulation, distribution and use of financial resources, control over their expenditure, over the implementation of financial plans, financial obligations to the state. In such acts, the legal forms of financial activities of the state and local government bodies are expressed.

So, financial and legal acts - these are accepted in the prescribed form and have legal. the consequences of the decision of the state. bodies and bodies of local government on fin. activities within their competence. They establish, change or abolish financial and legal norms or serve as the basis for the emergence, termination, change of specific legal relations.

Application one or another legal form of financial activity is determined by the meaning and content of regulated relations. For example, the adoption of fed. the budget is drawn up by the Federal Law. This follows from the national significance of the budget, its important role for the socio-economic development of the country, a wide range of social relations arising in connection with its adoption. In contrast, issues of allocating den. funds to subordinate enterprises are decided by acts of ministries and other bodies of state. management in accordance with the procedure established by legal norms.

Financial and legal acts can be classify by legal entity properties, by legal nature, by the bodies issuing them, and other grounds.

By legal properties financial and legal acts are subdivided into normative and individual ones. Regulatory acts include acts that regulate a group of homogeneous fin. relations and contain general rules of conduct for their participants, i.e. legal regulations. Hence the name of this group of acts follows - normative ... They usually work for a long time. Normative financial and legal acts establish the types of fin. obligations of enterprises and citizens to the state, or a municipality, the procedure for calculating established payments, typical features of payers, the procedure for spending state. den. funds, the procedure for conducting financial control, etc.

By legal entity nature financial legal acts are subdivided into: and) legislative, which include the Federal Law and the laws of the subjects of the Federation on financial issues. activities of the state; b) subordinate. This group includes acts of all other state. bodies based on law and enacted by law

Characteristic feature financial and legal acts is the presence among them of a large group of financial planning acts. They differ from other financial and legal acts in their content. Financial planning acts - these are the acts adopted in the process of fin. activities of the state and local governments, which contain specific tasks in the field of finance for a certain period, i.e. are plans for the mobilization, distribution and use of financial resources.

The existence of financial planning acts is due to the action of the principle of planning in the process of education, distribution and use of financial resources in accordance with programs and plans for economic and social development.

Financial planning acts include:

a) the main financial plan of the state - the federal budget, as well as the state budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation and local budgets;

b) budgets of state and municipal extra-budgetary funds;

c) financial-credit and cash plans of banks;

d) financial plans of insurance organizations;

e) financial plans and estimates of ministries, departments, other bodies of state administration and local self-government;

f) financial plans (balances of income and expenses) of enterprises and associations;

g) estimates of budgetary institutions.

Financial planning acts receive their legal registration in the acts of the relevant state and local authorities. So, the federal budget is approved by federal law, the budget of the institution - by the ministry to which this institution is subordinate. A financial planning act approved in accordance with the established procedure regulates financial relations and causes legal consequences, like any financial and legal act.

Question 8.9. System and legal status of the state. and municipal bodies carrying out fin. activity. Activities of legislative and executive authorities in the field of finance.

A feature of financial activity is that it is carried out by all government bodies, depending on the competence established by them.

Administered federal representative and executive bodies state authorities are in the establishment of the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation; money issue; basics of pricing policy; taxes; insurance (Articles 71, 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). RF President signs and promulgates federal laws. Representative bodies represented by the Federal Assembly and the representative bodies of the constituent entities of the federation consider, discuss and approve the federal budget, the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation (Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Russian Government ensures the preparation of the budget and its consideration in representative bodies, carries out general management of budget execution, ensures the implementation of a unified financial credit and monetary policy, deals with other financial issues of the state (Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" dated 17.12.97 No. 2-FKZ as amended on 12/31/97). Representative and executive bodies of subjectsRF, local self-government perform functions in the field of finance in the respective territory within their competence. Government bodies of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, performing their main tasks in a certain field of activity, simultaneously carry out financial activities, which ensure the fulfillment of their main tasks and functions.

Along with government bodiescarrying out financial activities in connection with the fulfillment of their main tasks and functions, state bodies have been created specifically for the implementation of financial activities: the Ministry of Finance of Russia; Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation; Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties; Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia).

Financial Analysis: What Is It?

The financial analysis- this is the study of the main indicators of the financial condition and financial results of the organization's activities in order to make management, investment and other decisions by stakeholders. Financial analysis is part of broader terms: analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise and economic analysis.

In practice, financial analysis is carried out using MS Excel tables or special programs. In the course of the analysis of financial and economic activities, both quantitative calculations of various indicators, ratios, coefficients, and their qualitative assessment and description, comparison with similar indicators of other enterprises are made. Financial analysis includes an analysis of the assets and liabilities of the organization, its solvency, liquidity, financial results and financial stability, an analysis of asset turnover (business activity). Financial analysis reveals such important aspects as the possible likelihood of bankruptcy. Financial analysis is an integral part of the activities of specialists such as auditors, appraisers. Banks are actively using financial analysis when deciding the issue of issuing loans to organizations, an accountant in the course of preparing an explanatory note for annual reports, and other specialists.

Fundamentals of Financial Analysis

Financial analysis is based on the calculation of special indicators, more often in the form of coefficients characterizing one or another aspect of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Among the most popular financial ratios are the following:

1) The autonomy ratio (the ratio of equity to the total capital (assets) of the enterprise), the ratio of financial dependence (the ratio of liabilities to assets).

2) Current liquidity ratio (the ratio of current assets to short-term liabilities).

3) Rapid liquidity ratio (the ratio of liquid assets, including cash, short-term financial investments, short-term receivables, to short-term liabilities).

4) Return on equity (the ratio of net profit to equity capital of the enterprise)

5) Profitability of sales (the ratio of profit from sales (gross profit) to the company's revenue), by net profit (the ratio of net profit to revenue).

Financial analysis techniques

The following methods of financial analysis are commonly used: vertical analysis (for example), horizontal analysis, predictive analysis based on trends, factorial and other analysis methods.

Among the legally (normatively) approved approaches to financial analysis and methods, the following documents can be cited:

Order of the Federal Office for Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of 12.08.1994 N 31-r
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2003 N 367 "On approval of the Rules for conducting financial analysis by an arbitration manager
Regulation of the Central Bank of Russia dated June 19, 2009 N 337-P "On the procedure and criteria for assessing the financial position of legal entities - founders (participants) of a credit institution"
Order of the FSFR of the Russian Federation of January 23, 2001 N 16 "On approval of" Methodological instructions for analyzing the financial condition of organizations "
Order of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation of 01.10.1997 N 118 "On Approval of Methodological Recommendations for the Reform of Enterprises (Organizations)"

It is important to note that financial analysis is not just about calculating various indicators and ratios, comparing their values \u200b\u200bin statics and dynamics. The result of a qualitative analysis should be a reasonable, calculated conclusion about the financial position of the organization, which will become the basis for decision-making by management, investors and other stakeholders (see example). It was this principle that served as the basis for the development of the program "Your Financial Analyst", which not only prepares a full report on the results of the analysis, but also does it without the participation of the user, without requiring him to have knowledge of financial analysis - this greatly simplifies the life of accountants, auditors, economists ...

Sources of information for financial analysis

Very often, stakeholders do not have access to the internal data of the organization, therefore, the organization's public accounting statements serve as the main source of information for financial analysis. The main reporting forms - Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement - make it possible to calculate all the main financial indicators and ratios. For a more in-depth analysis, you can use the statements of cash flows and capital of the organization, which are compiled at the end of the financial year. An even more detailed analysis of individual aspects of an enterprise's activities, for example, calculating a break-even point, requires source data that lies outside the reporting (data of current accounting and production accounting).

For example, you can get financial analysis based on your Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Statement for free online on our website (both for one period and for several quarters or years).

Altman Z-model (Altman Z-score)

Altman Z-Model (Altman Z-score, Altman Z-Score) is a financial model (formula) developed by the American economist Edward Altman, designed to predict the likelihood of bankruptcy of an enterprise.

Enterprise analysis

Under the expression " enterprise analysis"usually means financial (financial and economic) analysis, or a broader concept, the analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise (AHD). macroeconomic analysis, which involves the study of the economy as a whole).

Business Analysis (AHD)

Through business analysis organizations study general trends in the development of the enterprise, investigate the reasons for changes in the results of activities, develop and approve plans for the development of the enterprise and make management decisions, monitor the implementation of approved plans and decisions, identify reserves in order to improve production efficiency, evaluate the results of the firm, develop an economic strategy its development.

Bankruptcy (Bankruptcy Analysis)

Bankruptcy, or insolvency- this is the inability of the debtor recognized by the arbitration court to fully satisfy the creditors' claims for monetary obligations and (or) to fulfill the obligation to pay mandatory payments. The definition, basic concepts and procedures related to the bankruptcy of enterprises (legal entities) are contained in the Federal Law of 26.10.2002 N 127-FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)".

Vertical analysis of reporting

Vertical analysis of reporting - the technique of analysis of financial statements, in which the ratio of the selected indicator with other homogeneous indicators is studied within the same reporting period.

Horizontal analysis of reporting

Horizontal analysis of reporting is a comparative analysis of financial data for a number of periods. This method is also known as trend analysis.