Presentation on the topic "methods for collapsing information." “Note-taking technique Download presentation on how to write a note

Presentation on the topic: “Notes and its types” In the discipline: Technology of educational activities Compiled by: Sheshenin G.V. Teacher: Demina T.B.

₪ Plan summary Compiled in the form of answers to plan items formulated in interrogative form. In the process of preparation, and sometimes during subsequent rework, a planned outline can reflect the logical structure and interconnection of individual provisions.

₪ Textual summary - Created mainly from excerpts of the original - quotes. Textual extracts can be interconnected by a chain of logical transitions, can be provided with a plan and include individual theses as presented by the note taker. An excellent source of verbatim statements from the note taker, as well as the facts he cites. It is advisable to use textual notes when studying scientific works and literary criticism. In most cases, a textual summary is a manual used for a long time.

Free summary. A textual outline, when subsequently disassembled or even during the process of creation, “transforms” into a free outline. The uniqueness of a free summary lies in the fact that it is a combination of extracts, quotes, theses;

₪ Thematic summary. Gives a more or less exhaustive answer (depending on the number of sources involved and other material, say, his own notes) to the posed question-topic. That's why it got the name thematic. The specificity of this summary is that, while developing a specific topic from a number of sources, it may not reflect the content of each of the works used as a whole.

Formalized notes: The idea of ​​such notes is to fill in the cells of tables with notes or answer questions in a pre-prepared questionnaire. Not every text can be summarized like this. Such things are applicable mainly when describing the characteristics of any objects or phenomena, especially if the summary is prepared from several sources or the goal is to compare different points of view or objects. Such notes are called planned or schematically planned.

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Learning to take notes

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How to make statements
Extract - the necessary thought copied from the source Read the title of the article, comprehend it Carefully read the text and, as you read, briefly write down the main ideas Strive for a brief note Separate one thought from another When you finish the work, write down all the data from the source

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How to write abstracts
Thesis is the main judgments, conclusions, provisions that contain the key information of the text. Read the text. Break the text into semantic blocks. Think over the main ideas of the work. Present the ideas in the form of sequential points. Formulate in your own words or find a suitable formulation in the text The focus is on the author’s conclusions, detailed factual material is not included

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Note taking
A summary is a consistent recording of information selected and considered during the reading process. Basic requirements for writing a summary Systematic and logical presentation of the material Brevity Convincing and demonstrative

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Requirements and recommendations for recording and formatting of text
1. It should be compact and neat 2. It is necessary to use highlighting and delimitation in the text 2.1. Underlining and crossing out (headings, subheadings, conclusions, terms and concepts) 2.2. Indentations (to indicate paragraphs and points of the plan) 2.3. Whitespace lines (to separate one thought from another) 2.4. Simple and continuous numbering 2.5. Selecting text using a frame (definitions, formulas, rules, laws) 3. When writing, you must use abbreviations

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Abbreviations
Generally accepted (RME, NTP) Significant! – an important place? – doubt, need to check + positive - Negative more, more than Y which increases decreases

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Abbreviations
3. Using only consonant sounds of the word Pr.vs. - first of all, Ptch. - because M.b. - maybe D.b. - there must be 4. Only the letters of the beginning and end of the word are used R-ya - reaction Development - development Ch-k - person Ek. - environmental

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Types of notes Plan outline
A summary plan is a condensed retelling of what was read or heard in the form of a plan. Characteristics of the abstract: short, simple, quickly compiled and filled out; teaches you to choose the main thing, express thoughts clearly and logically, and makes it possible to assimilate the material while still studying it. All this makes it indispensable for quickly preparing a report or speech. However, it is difficult to work with it after some time, since the content of the material is poorly restored in memory. Stages of work: Make a plan for the text you read or use a ready-made one. Explain each point of the plan briefly and convincingly, choose a reasonable and effective form of recording. Formulate and write down your conclusion.

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Definition of the concept "analyzer". Characteristics of the evolution of analyzers. The role of analyzers in the adaptation of the organism to the environment. Analyzer structure: departments, their location and functions. Conclusion. 1. Analyzers are complex nervous mechanisms that provide perception and the finest analysis of all stimuli perceived by the body from the external and internal environment. 2. In the process of evolution, the sense organs, possessing primitive sensitivity, which allowed them only to perceive irritations and respond to it with a certain physiological reaction, gradually turned into analyzers. First of all, this was due to the acquisition by organisms of the ability to move independently. Movement contributed to frequent and significant changes in living conditions, and in order not to die, the body had to learn to quickly catch all changes and subtly analyze them. The consequences of solving these problems were: differentiation of sense organs, their concentration in the head part of the body, coordination of their activities with movements (prove with examples).

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Sample outline plan Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
3. Thanks to analyzers, the body receives information about the state and changes in the external and internal environment, in the form of stimuli that cause corresponding sensations in the cerebral cortex. Based on sensations, certain responses are formed that allow the body to adapt to given specific living conditions (prove with examples). 4. The analyzer consists of three main sections: the nerve fiber receptor of the KBP center. The receptor perceives irritation and turns it into a nerve impulse. The nerve fiber conducts the nerve impulse to the center of the analyzer. The cortex converts nerve impulses into sensations. 5. Conclusion: Thanks to analyzers, animals and humans distinguish between beneficial and harmful effects of the environment on the body. This allows him to more perfectly adapt to the conditions of existence. In connection with the development of GNI in humans, the function of analyzers has become significantly more complicated, because All human nervous activity is based on the analytical and synthetic work of the brain.

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Types of notes Quoted notes
A citation summary is a summary created from quotations. Characteristics of the summary: it is built from the author’s statements, from the facts he presented; used to work with the original source; it can be accessed repeatedly. But it does not contribute to active mental work; as a rule, it serves only as an illustration of the topic being studied. Stages of work: Read the text, mark the main content, main ideas, highlight those quotes that will be included in the summary. Using the rules for abbreviating quotes, write them down in your notebook. The recording form can be different, for example: ... (quote); ... (quote); (conclusion); main questions; evidence (quotes); conclusions. 3. Read the written text, compare it with the original. 4. Draw a general conclusion

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Types of notes Basic notes
A reference summary is a reflection of the presentation of information embedded in the text in the form of reference signals - words, symbols, drawings. Stages of work: Read the text carefully. Divide it into semantic parts - blocks. Ask a question for each part. Answer the question posed with reference signals, arranging them in the form of a logical diagram. Characteristics of the summary: it is brief, teaches you to choose the main thing, clearly reflects cause-and-effect relationships, develops logical thinking and imaginative ability to model information. Indispensable when reviewing material for tests or exams.

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Types of notes Free notes
A free summary is a combination of extracts, quotes, and theses. Characteristics of the outline: it requires serious effort in compilation; highly contributes to the assimilation of the material, requires the ability to actively use all types of notes: plans, theses, extracts. Stages of work: Using available sources, select material on a topic of interest, study it and think deeply about it. Make the necessary extracts of main thoughts, quotes, and draw up abstracts. Using the prepared material, formulate the main points on the topic.

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Types of notes Thematic notes
A thematic summary is a summary of the answer to a question posed or a summary of educational material on a specific topic. Characteristics of the summary: it can be overview and chronological; teaches you to analyze different points of view on the same issue, draw on existing knowledge and personal experience; used in the process of working on a report, message, abstract. Stages of work: Study several sources and make a selection of material from them on a specific topic or chronology. Mentally formulate the material you read in the form of a plan. Using this plan, briefly present the material you have realized in your own words.

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A living organism cannot exist without interacting with its external environment. At the same time, many factors simultaneously influence the body from the environment: favorable and unfavorable for the body. In order to self-preserve and best adapt to its environment, the body must quickly and subtly recognize the factors affecting it. For this purpose, in the process of evolution, special sense organs - analyzers - gradually developed in living organisms and reached a certain perfection in humans. I.P. Pavlov called the analyzer the complete set of all neurons involved in the perception of stimuli and the conduction of the resulting excitation impulses to the cells of the cerebral cortex, including these cells themselves. The structure and operation of analyzers are quite complex. Each analyzer consists of: - a receptor (peripheral section) - an afferent or efferent fiber (conducting section) - CBP cells (cortical section that analyzes nerve impulses). Receptors are a kind of scouts that collect information outside and inside the body, encrypting it into nerve impulses.

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Sample thematic abstract Thematic abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
The conductor department is a liaison officer who transmits encrypted dispatches to headquarters. The cortical part of the brain is the headquarters of the army, where reports will be deciphered and used to plan response actions. Having a narrow specialization, each receptor sends to the brain only information about a separate property of an object; it cannot perceive the object as a whole. The image of an object is recreated in the brain based on the readings of many receptors. There are receptors in all organs; they perceive a variety of properties of objects, phenomena, events: external receptors distinguish light, sound, temperature, pressure, body position in space, smell, taste, etc. internal - blood pressure, blood pH, gastrointestinal tract condition, muscle condition, etc. But as a result of all these completely different irritations, nerve impulses arise in the receptors, the nature of which is the same - electrical. The nerve impulse traveling along the auditory nerve is no different in nature from the nerve impulse from the visual, tactile or olfactory receptor. But there is no confusion, because Each of the excitations goes to the brain along a strictly defined path to its center.

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Sample thematic abstract Thematic abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
Due to the difference in the types of energy perceived by the receptors, their structure is different. Receptors can be very simple branches of nerve endings in the form of hairs, plates, spirals, etc., and more complex, in the form of specialized cells: rods and cones in the retina, auditory cells of the organ of Corti, etc. This ensures high sensitivity of the receptor to an adequate stimulus. For example, a rattlesnake detects a temperature change of 0.001 C, some fish react to odorous substances whose concentration is 10 -N mg/l, and in a visual analyzer. So, after the impact of the stimulus on the body, its analysis immediately begins, which is characteristic of all parts of the analyzer. The primary analysis occurs in the periphery in receptors that respond to strictly defined stimuli. A secondary, more complex analysis is carried out in the spinal cord. The most complex analysis occurs in different parts of the brain, especially in the CBP areas.

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Sample thematic abstract Thematic abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
Signals entering the central nervous system through all analyzers are important for regulating functions in the body; they cause new reactions. In others, do they correct and coordinate reactions that are already taking place? Thirdly, they leave traces that are used in subsequent activities, days, months and years later. In addition, nerve impulses entering the central nervous system maintain its tone at a high level. In the absence of irritation, a person’s ability to concentrate, think logically, and perform mental tasks is impaired, and he experiences hallucinations and a sleepy state. Thus, analyzers are the main organ for receiving information by the body about its external and internal environment, which allows the body, through the central nervous system, to optimally adapt to changing environmental conditions.

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Slide text:

Article by E. A. Maimin “ABOUT PUSHKIN’S NOVEL “EUGENE ONEGIN”

Which provisions of the article did you find most interesting?

Are there any unclear words or expressions in the article?

Highlight the main parts of the article.

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SYNOPSIS -

- (from Latin conspectus - review), a summary, a record of the content of any essay, report;
- a brief written summary of the contents of an article, book, lecture, including the basics. provisions and their justification with facts, examples, etc.;
- this is a systematic, logically coherent record that combines a plan, extracts, and theses.

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Types of notes

Notes can be divided into 4 types:
planned;
textual;
free;
thematic.

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Planning notes

It is easy to obtain a planned outline using a pre-made outline of the work. Each question in the plan in such a record is answered by a certain part of the outline.
But where an item in the plan does not require additions or clarification, it is not accompanied by text.

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Textual summary

- this is a summary created mainly from excerpts of the original - quotes.
Textual extracts are individual theses connected to each other by a chain of logical transitions.

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Free notes

A free summary is a combination of extracts, quotes, and sometimes abstracts.
A free outline requires the ability to independently, clearly and concisely formulate the main points, which requires a deep understanding of the material, a large and active vocabulary.

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Thematic summary

The thematic summary gives a more or less comprehensive answer to the question posed - the topic.
This summary makes it easier to work on the topic if you use several sources.
Drawing up a thematic outline teaches you to work on a topic, thoroughly thinking about it, analyzing different points of view on the same issue.

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Slide text:

Note-taking technology:

1. Read the text carefully. Along the way, note unclear places, unfamiliar words, new names and dates.
2. Write down the meaning of the marked concepts and words in the margins. Make inquiries about persons, names that are unknown to you, and about events mentioned in the text.
3. When reading the text for the first time, make a simple outline of it - a sequential list of the author’s main thoughts. When re-reading, note how the author proves the main ideas (propositions) of his work.
4. Re-read the previously marked places, write them down briefly and consistently.
5. When taking notes, try to express the author’s thoughts in your own words, this helps to more consciously assimilate the text.
6. When taking notes, select quotes wisely. It is necessary to take into account how vividly, originally, and concisely the idea is presented. You should quote those judgments that can subsequently be referenced as an authoritative statement of an opinion or conclusion on a particular issue.

CONSPECT- this is what it is presentation stating provisions of the text, which has brevity , connectivity And subsequence .

Error: a person cannot do several things at the same time (listen to a teacher, talk with a neighbor at his desk, surf the Internet from his phone...)

Conclusion: concentrate attention on what the teacher says, or on what is written in the textbook.

Error: students often try to write everything down verbatim. At the same time, they naturally interrupt the teacher and ask him to repeat previously spoken material.

We conclude:

• try to understand reason (why is he sick? why is he rich?), but not consequence (Where did he get such an expensive car?)
• try to catch essence what was said and abstractly write down the main ideas of the lecture

Error: it is necessary to write down a large amount of information  my hand gets tired, I didn’t have time to write it down after the teacher, a large amount of space in my notebook is taken up

We conclude: create your own abbreviation system, which you will use on all objects; use it as often as possible

state– state

law- z-n

which– k-th (k-th, k-oh, k-s)

through– h/w

system– s/s

on one's own– s/st

WW– World War (WW I or WW II)

against– p-v or 

Russia– R, Britannia–Br, France–Fr etc.

development- r-e; develop- size

formation– f-e; form– f-t

process– pc

Mistake: a notebook is also a document, you shouldn’t practice art in it; don't make a rainbow out of your notebook

We conclude: Use colored pens and highlighters to highlight the most important things in your notes, namely the topic (required), definitions, formulas, theses, etc.

Error: when you write everything together, without dividing the text into paragraphs, subparagraphs, etc., then in the end you get a shapeless mess of words .

We conclude: follow logic, break up the text to sub-items (usually a teacher accents with voice the place that should be moved to a new paragraph; the text of the textbook is divided into paragraphs )  when preparing for a lesson, test, exam, you can easily find the necessary material

Error: careless, obscure, “clumsy” handwriting; sloppy paste in pen  problem with reading your own (!) notes

We conclude: write carefully And legibly; if possible, take your time