Fixed assets: composition and usage indicators. Indicators of the use of fixed assets of an enterprise Particular indicators of the use of fixed assets include
To determine the efficiency of using fixed assets, a number of indicators and coefficients are calculated. All indicators for characterizing the use of labor tools can be divided into groups:
I.General indicators used to characterize the use of fixed assets at all levels of the national economy - for enterprises, industries and the national economy as a whole. These include: capital productivity, capital profitability, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio.
Capital productivity - the cost of manufactured products per one ruble of fixed assets.
In planning and analysis of production efficiency, several methods are used to calculate capital productivity: either by commodity (Tp), or by sold (RP), or by net production (NP). The use of one or another indicator is based on specific goals.
F 0 = Rp (Tp, Vp, Chp) / C sg (rub./rub.)
Where: C sg is the average cost of fixed assets for a certain period.
Capital intensity- an indicator inverse to capital productivity. Determines the share of fixed assets in each ruble of products produced.
Allows you to plan the need for labor tools and is calculated using the formula: F emk = C sg/ Rp (Tp, Vp, Chp) or F emc= 1 / F 0 (RUB/RUB)
Capital productivity should tend to increase, and capital intensity should tend to decrease.
Equity return (F R) - the percentage of profit received (gross or net) per one ruble of fixed assets.
|Ф R= P shaft (P clean) / C sg * 100%
Capital-labor ratio(Fv tr) - indicator of the level of equipment of material workers with fixed assets(cost of fixed assets per employee or worker of the enterprise/
Fv tr = C sg / H sp (rub./person)
Where: Ch sp - average number of employees of the organization for a certain period, people.
II. Partial indicators as a rule, natural, used to characterize > the use of labor tools, most often in enterprises or in their divisions. They are divided into 3 groups:
1.indicators extensive use means of labor reflect level of their use over time. The main one is coefficient of extensive use of equipment operating time(To ext).
Where: Tfact is the actual time fund (instanko - clock) of all equipment or its groups, hour;
K ext = T fact / T m ax T m ah - maximum possible time fund, hour.
2.indicators intensive use of OPF and reflect the level of their use per power (productivity). The main one is equipment utilization rate(K and) and is calculated by the formula: K and = V fact / V n
Where: B fact - actual production output per unit of time by equipment;
Vn - technically justified production output per unit of time by equipment (determined on the basis of equipment passport data)
3.indicators integral(K integral) the use of OPF is taken into account combined influence of all factors- both intensive and extensive and is defined: K integral = K ext * K i
The value of this indicator is always lower than the values of the previous two, since it simultaneously takes into account the disadvantages of both extensive and intensive use of equipment. Ways to improve the use of fixed assets at an enterprise:
increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production, updating and modernizing equipment;
introduction of progressive technology - low-waste, non-waste, energy- and fuel-saving equipment;
increasing the shift and equipment load ratio;
timely and high-quality implementation of maintenance work;
better use of buildings and structures, installation of additional equipment in free areas;
high-quality and fast construction of enterprise facilities;
liquidation of surplus and underused fixed assets or rental of them;
improving the quality of preparation of raw materials and materials for the production process;
recruitment of highly qualified service personnel;
improving the organization of production and labor in order to reduce downtime in equipment operation and reduce the loss of working time.
The movement and condition of fixed assets are represented by indicators
1.Input coefficient- determines how many newly introduced operating systems are per 1 ruble. the value of fixed assets at the end of the period, the increase in this indicator characterizes the efficiency of using fixed assets:
Where, Svv– cost of newly introduced operating systems
Sk
The indicator is used in construction organizations
2.Fixed asset renewal ratio– shows how many newly purchased operating systems are per 1 ruble. cost of fixed assets at the end of the period, the increase in this indicator characterizes the efficiency of using fixed assets:
Where, Dreams– cost of newly purchased OS
Sk– cost of fixed assets at the end of the period
3. Retirement rate of fixed assets- shows how many retired (sold, written off) fixed assets are per 1 ruble. the cost of the OS at the beginning of the period, the increase in this indicator characterizes the efficiency of using the OS:
Where, Svyb– cost of retired (written off, sold) fixed assets
Sn– value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period
4.Wear rate– shows how many depreciation charges are per 1 ruble. initial cost of fixed assets, reducing the depreciation rate contributes to the efficient use of fixed assets
Where, is the amount of depreciation charges for fixed assets
Sper. – initial cost of the OS
5.Fitness factor– shows how much residual value of the operating system is per 1 ruble. initial cost of fixed assets, an increase in the usefulness coefficient characterizes the efficiency of using fixed assets
Where Composition– residual value of fixed assets; Comp = Sper –Siz,
Where Siz– cost of wear and tear of the OS, it is equal to Siz=Ag*Gf
Gf– actual operating life of the OS
Kizn=Kg
Topic 1.2. Rent, leasing, intangible assets"
1. Rent
2. Leasing
3. Intangible assets
1. Rent
Rent- property lease based on an agreement on the provision of property for temporary use for a certain fee.(Fig.29)
A developed form of lease should be formed on the following basic principles:
on long-term economic relations between the parties;
on an agreement fixing the mutual obligations of the parties;
according to the condition, for the entire lease term the lessor appropriates a fixed part of the results of the activities of the leased enterprise;
competitive basis for leasing the enterprise.
| rental property insurance costs |
Figure 29 - Composition of rent
Calculation of rent can be made from the amount of all leased property in the aggregate or separately for each object. Rent can be paid in kind, cash or mixed forms. The terms and conditions for transferring rent are established by the agreement.
The amount of rent may be revised ahead of schedule at the request of one of the parties in cases of changes in centrally established prices and tariffs and in other cases regulated by legislative acts. Manufactured products, income received by the lessee, material and other assets, and separable improvements made to the leased property that are not provided for in the lease agreement are his property.
Rental relations give each party its own result:
To the tenant- use expensive property without large initial costs for capital investments and pay lease payments as profits are received from the operation of the open-air holding facility.
To the landlord- make a profit and expand sales with a relative reduction in the risk of losses from the insolvency of the customer.
In the economic practice of our country they use two forms lease relationships, which depend on the lease terms and their conditions:
Current (property, ordinary);
Long-term (financial)
Leasing
Leasing - a type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a certain fee, for a certain period and under certain conditions formalized by the agreement, with the right to transfer the property to the lessee.
Classic leasing is characterized by a 3-party nature of the relationship, i.e.
Lessor - property owner
Lessee - user of the property
Property Seller to the lessor
Main features and peculiarities of leasing:
Lessor acquires property not for its own use, but specifically
to transfer it for temporary use;
For the entire term of the leasing agreement, the property remains the property lessor;
Lessor receives remuneration for the transfer of property;
Lessee has the right to choose the property and its manufacturer (seller);
the seller of the property is aware that the property is specifically purchased for the purpose of renting it out
the property is directly supplied to the lessee, bypassing lessor;
Lessee, having discovered defects in the property, sends his claims directly to the seller, with whom he is not bound by any contractual relations;
8. Lessee property ahead of schedule or after the expiration of the contract has the right
to purchase it as property. The following types of leasing are distinguished:
1. by degree of payback:
financial leasing is a leasing of property with full recoupment or full payment of its cost. Consequently, the lessor returns the entire cost of the property and makes a profit from the leasing operation.
At operational leasing The contract period is shorter than the economic life of the property and has the following features:
1. there is a partial payment of the cost of the leased property;
2.therefore, you need to rent it out for temporary use several times, usually by different users;
3. the lessor’s risk of reimbursement of the residual value of the object increases in the absence of demand for it.
2. according to the terms of service:
Net leasing- if all maintenance of the transferred property is assumed by the lessee.
Leasing with a full range of services (“wet”), if the lessor undertakes full maintenance of the property. It is one of the most expensive types of leasing.
Leasing with a partial set of services, when the lessor is assigned only certain functions for maintaining the property.
The essence of leasing is a combination of elements of lease and bank loan. The advantage of leasing relations is that leasing is a form of material and technical supply with simultaneous lending.
Leasing is a more advanced form than renting and involves purchasing new OPF at the request of the lessor. This stimulates small and medium-sized enterprises, for which it becomes possible to quickly reconstruct production at limited costs. Leasing opens the way to the latest achievements of science and technology, progressive technologies and makes it possible to produce competitive products, generally leading to an increase in social production. (Fig. 30)
| mixed |
| export |
Figure 30- Leasing
Intangible assets
Intangible assets - special type of property. Intangible assets have the following properties:
have no physical content;
are used in the economic turnover of the enterprise for a long time (over a year);
have the ability to generate income for the company;
As a rule, they have the ability to alienate.
Intangible assets include: inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks, know-how, computer programs and databases, rights to use land, water resources, subsoil, property, etc.
Let's look at some of them in detail.
Invention - a new progressive creative solution to a technical problem in the field of science, culture, healthcare, and national economy.
Patent- an invention protection document issued by the competent authority.
License - A contract under which the owner of an invention makes the invention available for use by another party under contractually specified conditions in exchange for a fee.
Trademarks- designations (letter combinations, pictures, words) that allow you to distinguish homogeneous goods and services from different enterprises and for advertising.
Industrial model- design of the product, its appearance - is a new artistic and design solution, which should ensure the sale of the products themselves
Model - This is a decision that is technical in nature and relates to the appearance, design or relationship of individual elements of a product, which has novelty and industrial applicability.
"Know-how"(from English - I know how) - totality knowledge, information scientific, technical, production and technological, managerial, financial, commercial nature, as well as production experience, But without direct legal protection.
Deferred costs- organizational expenses and R&D expenses.
Organizational expenses- consist of costs for the services of consultants, advertising, preparation of documentation, registration fees and other expenses of the organization during the period of its creation until the moment of registration.
Company price(business reputation of the company, “goodwill”) - the excess of the purchase price of the enterprise (as a whole) over the current value of all its assets.
"Good name of the company"- monetary assessment of the benefits available to the company, due to its authority.
Database - a set of data (articles, calculations, etc.) systematized for the purpose of finding and processing this data.
Intangible assets are taken into account by initial and residual cost.
Over time, intangible assets lose part of their value, so depreciation is charged. Depreciation rates for them not installed, the company calculates them independently according to 2 options:
1. Based on the initial cost and useful life (Tp.i.).
2. For intangible assets for which it is difficult or impossible to determine the useful life, the state has established such a period of 20 years of continuous operation.
Textbook/ Korsakov M.N., Rebrin Yu.I., Fedosova T.V., Makarenya T.A., Shevchenko I.K. and etc.; Ed. M.A. Borovskoy. - Taganrog: TTI SFU, 2008. - 440 p.
2. RESOURCES AND COSTS OF THE ENTERPRISE
2.1. Enterprise as a business entity and property complex
2.1.4. Indicators of efficiency of use of fixed assets
To assess the efficiency of using fixed assets at enterprises, a system of indicators is used, including general and specific indicators. General characterize the efficiency of using the entire set of fixed assets. When calculating these indicators, the valuation of fixed assets is used. The most important indicators of this group are:
1. Capital productivity indicator (), which shows how much production () is accounted for per ruble of the cost of fixed assets () for a comparable period of time:
2. The capital intensity indicator () is the inverse indicator of capital productivity and shows how many fixed assets were spent to produce one ruble of products:
, (2.20)
3. The capital-labor ratio () characterizes the value of fixed assets per employee of the enterprise ( H):
When analyzing the efficiency of using fixed assets, it is advisable to use the following relationship between labor productivity (), capital productivity and capital-labor ratio:
4. The profitability indicator of fixed assets characterizes the amount of profit per one ruble of the cost of fixed assets.
. (2.23)
When calculating the considered indicators, the average value of the cost of fixed assets for the analyzed period is used.
Particular indicators characterize the efficiency of using individual elements of fixed assets (equipment, production space, etc.). The most important indicators in this group are:
1. The extensive equipment load factor characterizes the use of equipment over time:
where is the time actually worked by the equipment;
– time of possible use of the equipment.
2. The intensive equipment load factor characterizes the use of equipment in terms of productivity:
where is a technically justified standard of time per unit of production;
– actual time spent on producing a unit of product.
3. The coefficient of integral (total) equipment load characterizes the use of equipment both in time and in terms of productivity:
(2.26)
4. The equipment shift coefficient shows how many shifts the installed equipment operates on average per day:
where is the number of machine shifts actually worked per day;
– the total number of pieces of equipment owned by the enterprise.
Effective use of fixed assets leads to an increase in production volume, an increase in capital productivity, a reduction in costs and an increase in the profit of the enterprise. Improving the use of fixed assets is tantamount to reducing the enterprise's need for additional capital investments, which leads to a convergence of the obsolescence and physical wear and tear of machinery and equipment and increases the level of competitiveness of the enterprise.
When determining areas for increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets, it is necessary to distinguish between extensive and intensive factors. Extensive The direction involves increasing the operating time of machines and equipment by reducing intra-shift and whole-shift downtime, increasing the specific weight of existing equipment. Intensive assumes an increase in the equipment load level per unit of time, i.e. increasing its productivity through advanced training of workers, scientific organization of labor, and the use of modern methods and means of labor.
To determine the efficiency of using fixed assets, a certain system of indicators is used:
General indicators: capital profitability, capital productivity and capital intensity;
Differentiated indicators of the use of the active part of fixed assets: coefficient of extensive load of equipment, coefficient of intensive load of equipment, integral coefficient of utilization of equipment, return on the active part of fixed assets, profitability of the active part of fixed assets, equipment replacement ratio;
Differentiated indicators of the use of the passive part of fixed assets: volume of production per 1 m 2 of production area, profit per 1 m 2 of production area.
The capital productivity indicator (CR) characterizes the volume of the value of gross output (or sales) of products (B) per ruble of the average annual cost of fixed assets (CA av):
FO = V/OS avg (1)
The higher the capital productivity ratio, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.
Factors that increase capital productivity:
Increasing equipment productivity as a result of technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing and construction of new enterprises;
Increasing the equipment shift ratio;
Improved time and power utilization;
Acceleration of assimilation of newly introduced capacities;
Reducing the cost per unit of capacity of newly introduced, reconstructed and re-equipped enterprises;
Replacement of manual labor with machine labor.
Capital intensity is the inverse indicator of capital productivity. Shows how many production assets are accounted for per ruble of produced (sold) products. Determined by the formula:
FE = OS avg / V (2)
The lower the capital intensity indicator, the more efficiently fixed production assets are used.
The efficiency of an enterprise is largely determined by the level of capital-labor ratio, determined by the cost of fixed production assets relative to the number of workers of the enterprise. This value must continuously increase, since technical equipment, and, consequently, labor productivity depends on it.
Capital return is the ratio of profit from core activities to the average annual cost of fixed assets. Its level depends not only on capital productivity, but also on product profitability:
FR = P / OS avg, (3)
where P is profit from sales of products for the period, rub.
The higher the return on assets, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.
The coefficient of extensive equipment use characterizes the use of equipment over time. Determined by the formula:
Ke = Tf / Treasure, (4)
where Tf is the actual operating time of the equipment, hours;
Treasure – scheduled or planned operating time of equipment, hours.
The operating hours of the equipment are determined by the operating mode of the enterprise (for example, the number of work shifts per day and their duration, the presence or absence of days off).
The planned operating time of equipment is calculated taking into account the necessary time spent on its repair and maintenance. It differs from the regime one in that it does not include the time (hours) required to carry out scheduled repairs.
The coefficient of intensive use of equipment (Ki) characterizes the use of equipment by power. Determined by the formula:
Ki = VPf / VPpl, (5)
where VPf is the actual volume of output;
VPpl is the planned volume of production.
The coefficient of integral use of equipment is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power).
The value of this indicator is always lower than the values of the previous two, since it simultaneously takes into account the disadvantages of both extensive and intensive use of equipment.
The return on the active part of fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the cost of the active part of fixed assets.
The profitability of the active part of fixed assets is the ratio of profit from sales of products (or enterprise profit) to the cost of the active part of fixed assets, multiplied by 100%.
Indicators of the extensive use of fixed assets at an enterprise also include the equipment shift ratio (Ksm). It characterizes the time of whole-shift use of installed equipment that operates in multi-shift mode. In other words, it shows how many shifts the installed equipment worked on average during the day.
In economic practice, the shift ratio of equipment operation is most often calculated using the formula:
Kcm = (M1 + M2 + M3) / Su, (6)
where M1, M2, M3 are the number of machine hours, machine hours are the number of equipment shifts, respectively, in one, two and three shifts;
Su – the total number of installed machines (machines, units) at the enterprise, units.
To assess the use of the passive part of fixed assets, the space utilization coefficient (Kisp. area) has become widespread, which is calculated as follows:
Kisp.area = Вп/Плп, (7)
where Вп – production output;
Plp – size of production area, m2.
The profit indicator per 1 m2 of production area is defined as the ratio of profit from product sales (or enterprise profit) to the total size of production space.
The composition and structure of fixed assets are not constant. In the course of its activities, the company buys new equipment, carries out reconstruction, and writes off worn-out fixed assets.
To characterize the processes affecting the structure of fixed assets, the following indicators are used.
The renewal coefficient (Ko) reflects the intensity of renewal of fixed assets and is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets newly received during the reporting period (FN) to their value at the end of the same period (Fk):
Ko = Fnov / Fk (8)
The retirement coefficient (Kvyb) characterizes the degree of intensity of disposal of fixed assets from the production sector and is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets retired during the reporting period (Fvyb) to their value at the beginning of the same period (Fn):
Kvyb = Fvyb / Fn. (9)
The income coefficient (Kpost) characterizes the level of growth of fixed assets or its individual groups for a certain period and is calculated as the ratio of the value of newly received fixed assets (Fpost) to their value at the end of the period (Fk):
Kpost = Fpost / Fk (10)
General indicators of the technical condition of fixed assets are wear and serviceability coefficients.
The depreciation rate (Kizn) is defined as the ratio of the amount of depreciation (I) to the original cost of fixed assets (FP):
Kizn = I / Fp (11)
The suitability coefficient (Kyear) is the ratio of the residual value of fixed assets (Fo) to the original value (Fp):
Kgod = Fo / Fp (12)
Thus, in the process of analysis, the dynamics of indicators of movement, security, implementation of the plan are studied, the reasons for the change are studied, such as the commissioning of new fixed assets and the reconstruction of the enterprise, the technical re-equipment of production or the reduction of production capacity, etc. When studying the influence of individual factors on changes in certain indicators, it is necessary to determine the amount of unused reserves by increasing or decreasing these factors.
There are general and specific indicators of the use of fixed assets (Fig. 2.2.). General indicators include capital productivity, capital intensity, and return on funds. The private ones include indicators of the use of equipment and production space.
Each indicator characterizes individual aspects of the use of fixed assets.
Capital productivity shows how many marketable products fall on one ruble of fixed production assets. Determined by the formula:
Fo = Qtp / Fsg,
where: Qtp – volume of production of commercial products, in rubles;
FSG is the average annual cost of fixed production assets.
The higher the capital productivity ratio, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.
Capital intensity is the inverse indicator of capital productivity. Shows how many production assets account for one ruble of marketable products. Determined by the formula:
The lower the capital intensity indicator, the more efficiently fixed production assets are used.
Profitability of production characterizes the amount of balance sheet profit per one ruble of production assets. Determined by the formula:
where: Pb – balance sheet profit; Fos is the average annual value of the enterprise's working capital.
The higher the profitability of production, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.
Indicators of equipment use include coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment, integral coefficient and shift coefficient.
The coefficient of extensive equipment use characterizes the use of equipment over time. Determined by the formula:
,
where: Tf, Te – respectively, the actual and effective operating time of the equipment.
The coefficient of intensive use of equipment characterizes the use of equipment by power. It is determined by the ratio of the actual volume of production (Qtp) to the maximum possible (Qmax):
The integral equipment load factor characterizes the overall use of the equipment. Determined by the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment:
Kint = Ke * Ki.
The equipment shift coefficient is determined by the formula:
,
where: N1, N2, N3 – respectively the amount of equipment operating in the first, second and third shifts;
Nset – total number of installed equipment.
Indicators of the use of production space include the removal of products from one square meter of production area and the production area per unit of installed equipment.
Product removal per m2 of production area is determined by the formula:
S pr = Qtp / Fpr,
where Fpr is the production area of the enterprise, m2.
The production area per machine is determined by the ratio:
F pr1 = Fpr / Nset.
This indicator is compared with the standard value (Fn). If the actual value of the indicator is greater than the standard value, this indicates ineffective use of production space.
Improving the use of fixed assets solves a wide range of economic problems aimed at increasing production efficiency: increasing production output, increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, saving capital investments, increasing profits and return on capital and, ultimately, increasing the standard of living of society.
Various indicators are used to characterize the use of fixed production assets. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups: general and specific indicators.
Summary indicators are used to characterize the use of fixed assets at all levels of the national economy - enterprises, industries and the national economy as a whole. These indicators include capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio and profitability.
Private indicators - these are natural indicators that are most often used at enterprises and their departments. They are divided into indicators of intensive and extensive use of fixed assets. Indicators of intensive use of industrial equipment characterize the amount of output (work performed) per unit of time from a certain type of equipment (or production capacity). Indicators of extensive use of fixed assets characterize their use over time. The most important of these indicators include: coefficients of utilization of planned, scheduled and calendar operating time of equipment, shift coefficient of equipment operation, indicator of intra-shift downtime, etc.
The greatest importance among private indicators of extensive use is the equipment shift coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the sum of machine shifts during the day to the total number of jobs. Increasing the shift ratio of fixed assets at an enterprise is an important source of growth in production volume and increasing the efficiency of use of fixed assets. In economic practice, the shift coefficient for the use of machinery and equipment is defined as the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked per day by equipment to the total amount of installed equipment according to the formula:
TO cm = ,
Where TO cm – shift coefficient of equipment use;
h 1 , h 2 , h 3 – number of pieces of equipment that worked in the first, second and third shifts, respectively, pcs.;
m mouth – total quantity of installed equipment, pcs.
Increasing the shift ratio is the most important indicator of the extensive utilization of fixed assets.
The main direction of increasing the efficiency of equipment use is improving its structure and increasing the degree of power utilization. It is important to eliminate the relative excess of equipment, which affects the economic performance of the enterprise.
An indicator of the extensive use of fixed assets is the amount of intra-shift downtime of equipment, related to the planned fund of its operating time. The main reasons for intra-shift equipment downtime are the low level of production organization, the lack of timely loading of workers, equipment malfunction, etc. To eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary, first of all, to improve the organization of production, establish accounting and control of equipment operation.
To characterize the degree of extensive loading of equipment, the balance of its operating time is studied.
The following funds of time are distinguished (Fig. 3.5):
− calendar,
− nominal
− valid.
– actual fund of hours worked.
Rice. 3.5. Structure of the equipment working time fund
Calendar fund of time represents essentially the product of the annual number of days by the length of the day (365 * 24 = 8760) in hours, it is the upper limit of the operating time of the equipment.
This indicator is used when planning in continuous production, when working machines and equipment are used around the clock and year-round, and do not stop on weekends and holidays. Such industries include: electricity generation, supply of heat and other types of energy to consumers, and some special industries. For these productions, the calendar fund of time will also be a nominal fund.
Most industrial enterprises belong to industries with a discontinuous technological process, i.e. the process can be interrupted on weekends and holidays, and at night. These enterprises operate in one, two or three shifts, depending on which the working hours, called the nominal fund, will be calculated.
Nominal (regime) time fund - this is the amount of working time that can be used during the year in enterprises with a discontinuous technological process. The calculation of the nominal time fund is carried out on the basis of the production calendar and the number of shifts of the enterprise. The production calendar is calculated for each year based on the length of the working week (40 hours), taking into account weekends and holidays. Based on the production calendar, the nominal operating time of the enterprise in one or two shifts is calculated.
Thus, for production with a discontinuous technological process, the nominal time fund when working in 1 shift is 2016 hours, when working in 2 shifts - 4032 hours.
Actual (planned) fund of time- the number of working hours usefully used during the planned period, taking into account the number of work shifts and planned loss of time for technical reasons. The planned loss of working time is due to the need to carry out maintenance and repairs, adjustment (readjustment) of equipment on a planned basis. The amount of time lost for these purposes can be set as a percentage of the nominal fund.
Planned fund - time of equipment operation according to plan; differs from the scheduled time when equipment is undergoing scheduled repairs and modernization;
For example, if the share of losses due to technical reasons is taken equal to 7% of the nominal annual time fund, then the annual actual (available) time fund when working in one shift for equipment will be 1875 hours.
A system of interrelated indicators directly characterizing the level of use of the active part of fixed assets, as well as revealing reserves for possible improvement of their use, includes: extensive use coefficient, characterizing the level of use of equipment over time; intensive use coefficient, which characterizes the level of use of machinery and equipment by power; an integral coefficient that characterizes the level of use of machinery and equipment both in time and in power.
The level of utilization of machinery and equipment can vary due to many factors. Negative factors that reduce capital productivity include an increase in the cost of machinery and equipment, absolute and relative (per unit of productivity growth); reduction in the volume of production and sales of the enterprise's products.
Comparison of actual and planned calendar funds of time allows us to determine the degree of implementation of the plan for putting equipment into operation in terms of quantity and timing. Comparison of calendar and schedule makes it possible to better use equipment by increasing the shift ratio. Comparison of routine and scheduled - time reserves by reducing time spent on repairs.
Table 3.4 – Use of equipment operating time
To characterize the use of equipment operating time, the following coefficients are applied:
calendar fund of time: K k.f = T f / T k,
nominal fund of time: K n.f = T f / T n,
planned fund of time: K p.f = T f /T p,
the share of downtime in the calendar fund,
where T f, T n, T p, T k - respectively, the actual, nominal, planned and calendar funds of equipment working time;
Indicators of the use of production space and facilities are important. Their rational use makes it possible to obtain an increase in output without capital construction and thereby reduces the size of the required investments. At the same time, time is gained, since it is possible to organize production in the released production areas much faster than carrying out new construction. Among the indicators for the use of production space are: the coefficient of extensive and intensive use of production space; volume of products from 1 m 3 production area. The utilization of facilities is assessed based on the operational characteristics of the facilities, usually their capacity or capacity (water towers, silos, reservoirs and cisterns, etc.).
Intensive loading of equipment means output per unit of time on average per machine (machine-hour). An indicator of the intensity of equipment operation is its intensive load factor:
TO and = Q f/ Q max
Where Q f/ Q max – actual and planned average hourly output, respectively.
A general indicator that comprehensively characterizes the use of equipment is the integral load coefficient. It is the product of the extensive and intensive equipment load coefficients:
TO int = TO uh* TO And.
To determine the degree of use of fixed assets at enterprises, general indicators are used. The most important of them is the capital productivity of fixed assets. This indicator is defined as the ratio of the cost of products produced per year to the average annual cost of fixed assets. Capital productivity shows what the total return on the use of each ruble invested in fixed production assets is, i.e., how effective this investment is.
In its most general form, this indicator indicates how efficiently working machines and equipment are used, as well as industrial buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc. When calculating capital productivity, leased fixed assets are also taken into account along with own ones. Only those fixed assets that are mothballed and in reserve (within the standard) or leased to other enterprises and organizations are excluded. Capital productivity is calculated based on the book value of fixed assets without deduction of depreciation.
The level and dynamics of capital productivity are characterized by the combined influence of technical, technological, organizational and economic factors, on the one hand, shaping the scale, technical and technological excellence and level of their utilization, and on the other, determining the volume and structure of production (price, quantity, quality and range of products , labor intensity of products, etc.).
Capital productivity in general shows how many products are produced per ruble of fixed production assets. The capital productivity indicator F o is calculated using the formula:
where D is the volume of products sold per year in value terms, thousand rubles;
F main – average annual cost of fixed production assets,
The increase in capital productivity indicates the intensive development of the enterprise due to the introduction of improved equipment and new forms of labor organization, and the rational use of fixed assets.
The result of better use of fixed assets is primarily an increase in production volume
Its value indicates how efficiently production buildings, structures, power and working machines and equipment are used, i.e. all groups of fixed assets without exception. Increasing capital productivity is the most important task of enterprises. In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, a significant increase in capital productivity is complicated by the rapid change of equipment that needs to be developed, as well as an increase in capital investments aimed at improving working conditions, nature conservation, etc.
The most important areas for increasing capital productivity:
Improving the structure of fixed assets, increasing the proportion of their active part to the optimal value, rational ratio of various types of equipment;
Increasing the shift ratio of equipment in the divisions of the enterprise;
Intensification of production processes through the introduction of new technologies, machines and equipment;
Improving working conditions and conditions, taking into account production aesthetics;
Creation of favorable social conditions;
Improving the organization of production and labor.
Factors that increase capital productivity are shown in Figure 3.5.