Land reclamation irrigation. A complex of reclamation measures. Alarming statistics and optimism

Reclamation (upgrade) land is an important component of environmental management. A person is engaged in land reclamation constantly, as soon as he switched to a settled way of life. Reclamation- this is a radical change in the components of nature to increase the consumer value (utility) of land. Reclamation leads to a fundamental long-term change in natural conditions, which persists for tens and hundreds of years.

Since melioration is a consumer activity, a person meliorates certain territories, that is, lands. Earth - this is a territory with land (suitable for some use), which is in someone's use, possession or ownership.

According to their purpose, they distinguish: agricultural land, or agricultural; forest fund; water fund; settlements; industry, transport, communications; health-improving, recreational, historical, cultural, scientific purposes; defense; state reserve.

Proceeding from this, they distinguish between: reclamation of agricultural lands (“agricultural reclamation”), reclamation of lands of forest, water funds, settlements, etc.

There are various types of melioration. They are classified according to the purpose and method of implementation of reclamation measures. According to the purpose of reclamation there are: irrigation, drainage, desalination, anti-erosion. Irrigation reclamation consist in artificial moistening of the soil to increase its fertility, drainage- removal of excess water from the soil, desalination– in removing excess salts harmful to agricultural crops, anti-erosion land reclamation is aimed at preserving soils from destruction and washout.

According to the method of reclamation, they are divided into hydrotechnical in the construction of hydraulic structures - canals, pipelines, water intakes, etc.; agrotechnical – ameliorative tillage, mole-growing, soil surface profiling, snow retention; forestry - planting forests; chemical- the introduction of chemicals (chemical meliorants) into the soil to improve its properties. In addition, distinguish cultural-technical land reclamation, which consists in cleaning the surface of the soil from trees and shrubs, moss tow, leveling pits, shafts and heaps, creating and cultivating an arable soil layer.

The main goal of agricultural land reclamation is the expanded reproduction of soil fertility.

The purpose of agricultural land reclamation is to expand the reproduction of soil fertility, to obtain the optimal yield of certain crops with the economical use of all resources, to prevent or compensate for damage to natural systems and other land users.

In the case of land reclamation for other purposes, the main goal may change, but the restrictions on its implementation still remain.

On the forest fund lands indicators of the reclamation regime are mainly reduced to the creation of a favorable moisture content of the upper soil layer, the depth of groundwater and the timing of flooding. On the lands of settlements, industry, transport, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required depth of groundwater to increase the bearing capacity of soils as the foundations of structures, the functioning of the underground parts of buildings and communications, the sanitary condition of the territory, to prevent the accumulation of pollutants in soils, soils and waters, to eliminate negative influence of mineralized groundwater (corrosion hazard).

On the water fund lands the requirements for melioration are to improve the properties of the soils of the bottom or bed of reservoirs: the shape of the surface (leveling the banks, filling in the pits), clearing vegetation, moving cattle burial grounds, eliminating landfills, excavating peat, removing contaminated soil, silt deposits.

On the lands of recreational, historical, cultural and scientific purposes indicators of the reclamation regime should be reduced to sanitary and environmental requirements, ensuring the safety of valuable natural and anthropogenic objects.

Engineering buildings are being built on reclaimed lands ameliorative systems , i.e. a complex of structures, devices, machines and equipment, designed together with measures to regulate the parameters of the reclamation regime.

The composition of the reclamation system depends on the type of reclamated land, the totality of regulated indicators of the reclamation regime. In general, the reclamation system includes regulatory elements that directly implement reclamation effects, conductive and enclosing elements, sources of attracted resources, such as water, receivers of technological discharges from the reclamation area (drainage water, harmful substances, sediments, etc.). In addition, the system includes energy supply facilities, roads, structures; means of control, communication and management.

The main task of reclamation measures is to improve the soil as quickly as possible for sowing crops and obtaining high-quality crops.

There are several problems in this area:

1. The problem of high erosion
2. The problem of soil salinity.
3. High desiccation of soils.

We will fight against high erosion with the help of agroforestry. (Planting shelterbelts to stop the growth of ravines). Same way

Agroforestry work plan:

It is necessary to identify erosion zones; drive-sharing, near-network and hydrographic.

Calculate the area of erosion zones in hectares, determine their percentage.

Carry out the distribution of the total area of the farm by types of land, taking into account the anti-erosion organization of the territory. Select the fields of the main crop rotation, anti-erosion crop rotation, pastures, meadows, forest fund and other land.

On the land use plan, according to the erosion zones, draw schemes of forest belts.

Table 4. Species of trees and shrubs

After selecting the species of trees and shrubs, it is necessary to choose the design of forest belts.

Table 5

Types No. of the scheme of protective forest plantations	Design, type of mixing.	Canopy width, M number of rows.	Distance M (inter-row spacing, density) pcs. per ha.	Mixing schemes
1 group of forest field plantings
Protective plantings	Openwork wood-handicraft. vegetation		3 - 1,5	I-Am-Ak-Am-T
Group 2 anti-erosion forest plantations
Riverside plantations	Openwork shrub-woody plant.		2-1,2	V-Sm-Gr-Sm-Ak T-Ak-Am-Ak-I

Land reclamation measures to eliminate salinity in the soil

To eliminate soil salinity, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive studies to determine the composition of salts in the soil profile.

Work plan:

According to the water extract, determine the type of salinity.

Determination of the washing rate by the amount of toxic salts.

The chemical composition of the water extract of the chernozem-alkaline-saline soil is presented in table 6.

Table 6. Chemical composition of water extract

Depth, cm	Dry residue, %	Anions, mmol/100 g	Cations, mmol/100 g

Based on Table 6. You can determine the type of salinity.

To determine the type of salinity, it is necessary to obtain the sum of anions and cations. Calculate the percentage of anions and cations by the sum.

Salinity Type Calculations

For layer 0-30cm

Convert mmol to grams

HCO3- \u003d 0.66 * 0.061 \u003d 0.04026g

Cl \u003d 0.035 * 0.16 \u003d 0.0056 g

SO42- \u003d 0.048 * 0.05 \u003d 0.0024 g

Y \u003d 0.04026 + 0.0056 + 0.0024 \u003d 0.04826g

HCO3 = 0.04026*100/0.04826 = 83.4%

Cl \u003d 0.0.0056 * 100 / 0.04826 \u003d 11.6%

SO42- = 0.0024*100/0.04826 4.9%

Cl / SO42- \u003d 11.6 / 4.9 \u003d 2.36 (Mainly chloride-soda type of salinity)

For layer 30-70 cm

HCO3- \u003d 0.16 * 0.061 \u003d 0.00976 g

Cl \u003d 0.035 * 0.36 \u003d 0.0126 g

SO42- \u003d 0.048 * 0.26 \u003d 0.0125 g

Y \u003d 0.00976 + 0.0126 + 0.124 \u003d 0.03486 g

Determine the percentage of anions in the layer

HCO3 = 0.00976*100/0.03486 28.7%

Cl \u003d 0.0126 * 100 / 0.03486 \u003d 36.1%

SO42- \u003d 0.0125 * 100 / 0.03486 \u003d 35.8%

Cl / HCO3 = 36.1 / 35.8 = 1.008 (Sulfate-Chloride type of salinity)

For layer 70-120 cm

HCO3- \u003d 0.73 * 0.061 \u003d 0.0445 g

Cl \u003d 0.035 * 3.21 \u003d 0.112 g

SO42- \u003d 0.048 * 2.47 \u003d 0.118 g

Y \u003d 0.0445 + 0.112 + 0.118 \u003d 0.2745 g

Determine the percentage of anions in the layer

HCO3 = 0.0445*100/0.2745 = 16.21%

Cl \u003d 0.112 * 100.2745 \u003d 40.8%

SO42- \u003d 0.118 * 100 / 0.2745 \u003d 43.02%

Cl / SO42- \u003d 40.8 / 43.02 \u003d 0.9 (Chloride-sulfate type of salinity)

For layer 120-140 cm

HCO3- \u003d 0.30 * 0.061 \u003d 0.0183 g

Cl \u003d 0.035 * 8.74 \u003d 0.3059 g

SO42- \u003d 0.048 * 17.07 \u003d 0.8196 g

Y \u003d 0.0183 + 0.3059 + 0.8196 \u003d 1.1438 g

HCO3- \u003d 0.0183 * 100 / 1.1438 \u003d 1.5%

Cl \u003d 0.3059 * 100 / 1.1438 \u003d 26.74%

SO42- \u003d 0.8196 * 100 / 1.1438 \u003d 71.6%

Cl / SO42- = 26.74 / 71.6 = 0.37 (Chloride-sulfate type of salinity)

As can be seen from the calculations, the chloride and sulfate-chloride type of salinization predominates in the profile of light chestnut slightly solonetsous soil, especially chloride anions predominate in the lower horizons BC and C (70-140 cm)

In order to get rid of salts in the soil profile, it is necessary to completely soak it to groundwater, so it is necessary to calculate the irrigation rate.

For layer 0-30cm

Ca2 + (residual) \u003d 0.66 - 0.42 \u003d 0.24 mmol / 100 g

SO42-(toxic) = 0.05-0.24 = -0.19(none)

%==[ 0.29*0.023+0.16*0.012+0.035*0.16-0.048*0.19] = 0.00507% (very weak)

For layer 30-70 cm

Ca2 + (residual) \u003d 0.30-0.16 \u003d 0.14 mmol / 100 g

SO42-(toxic) = 0.26 - 0.14 = 0.12

%===0.051% (very weak)

For layer 70-120 cm

Ca2 + (residual) \u003d 1.2-0.73 \u003d 0.47 mmol / 100 g

SO42-(toxic) = 2.47-0.47=2.0 mmol/100 g

%===0.32% (weak)

For layer 120-140 cm

Ca2 + (residual) \u003d 12.38-0.30 \u003d 12.08 mmol / 100 g

SO42-(toxic) = 17.07-12.08=4.99 mmol/100 g

%===0.80% (average)

Calculations show that the degree of salinization of the soil profile is weak. Normal snow retention could correct this problem, but all moisture conservation measures must be carried out in a complex, i.e. agrotechnical measures are also needed, such as:

Non-moldboard plowing

Deep harrowing

Mulching the surface with plant residues, mainly grain.

The introduction of organic fertilizers (small doses, 20-40 t/ha), because the absorption capacity will increase, while the moisture reserve in the arable layer will gradually increase.

Different types of irrigation will have a direct impact on the soil profile. It is necessary to use water for irrigation only with the lowest degree of mineralization, because the soil can be subjected to secondary salinization, which is much worse than the current form.

Federal Law No. 4-FZ of 10.01.96, Art. 2

RECLAIM SYSTEMS

according to the definition of the Federal Law "On Land Reclamation" of December 8, 1995 "complexes of interconnected hydraulic and other structures and devices (canals, collectors, pipelines, reservoirs, dams, dams, pumping stations, water intakes, other structures and devices on reclaimed lands), ensuring the creation of optimal water, air, thermal and nutrient regimes of soils on reclaimed lands.

Ameliorative systems

complexes of interconnected hydraulic and other structures and devices (canals, collectors, pipelines, reservoirs, dams, dams, pumping stations, water intakes, other structures and devices on reclaimed lands), ensuring the creation of optimal water, air, thermal and nutrient regimes of soils on reclaimed lands ; distinguish: a) state M.s. (state-owned and providing inter-regional and (or) inter-farm water distribution and flood protection, as well as anti-erosion and pasture-protecting forest plantations that are necessary to meet state needs); b) M.s. common use (which are in the common ownership of two or more persons or transferred in accordance with the established procedure for use by several citizens (individuals) and (or) legal entities, as well as protective forest plantations necessary for the needs of these persons); c) M.s. individual use (owned by a citizen (individual) or legal entity or transferred in accordance with the established procedure for use by a citizen (individual) or legal entity, as well as protective forest plantations necessary for these persons only for their needs).

Reclamation according to its effect on the soil and plants are divided into the following types.

Agrotechnical reclamation(agro-melting) - provide for a significant improvement in agronomic properties by deepening and cultivating the arable soil layer with a shallow humus horizon, a small amount of humus content and general low natural fertility. To improve the water regime of soils, special methods of tillage are carried out with the making of discontinuous furrows, ridges, cracks, holes and other obstacles for snow drift and water runoff.

Forestry reclamation(forest reclamation) are carried out to improve the water regime of the soil and microclimate, as well as to protect soils from erosion by forest plantations along the boundaries of crop rotation fields, around water bodies, on steep slopes, in gullies and ravines, in areas of shifting sands and planting general forests. agronomic purposes.

Chemical reclamation provide for a radical improvement of the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils by using lime (on acidic soils), gypsum (on solonetzic and solonetzic soils), as well as other substances - defecation, peat, sapropel, compost, manure, green manure and other organic materials in order to enrich soils with organic substances.

Hydrotechnical reclamation(hydromelio-radiation) provide for the goal of radically improving the water regime of the territory by watering or draining.

Ameliorative system

To this end, major hydrotechnical work is being carried out to create reservoirs, irrigation and drainage systems. In the steppe arid regions, estuaries are created over large areas to retain melt water.

In the zone of insufficient moisture, various methods of irrigation (irrigation) are used, and in the zone of excessive moisture, drainage reclamation is used.

Cultural and technical reclamation- measures related to the preparation of the territory and the involvement of areas in active agricultural use (turning them into arable land) by uprooting forest clearings, clearing shrubs, destroying small forests, i.e. turning territories under natural woody vegetation into highly productive agricultural land (arable land, hayfields, pastures).

Reclamation and its types

The concept of land reclamation

Agricultural melioration(from Latin melioratio - improvement) is a set of technical, organizational, economic and socio-economic measures aimed at radically improving adverse natural conditions in order to obtain high sustainable crop yields.

Land reclamation, reclamation and land protection is a field of science and technology that deals with purposeful improvement (amelioration), restoration (reclamation), protection of lands for various purposes, combating pollution, natural disasters - floods, flooding of lands, their erosion, erosion, landslides, mudflows , dry winds - to increase the consumer value (utility) of land.

Land reclamation is a radical improvement of land as a result of the implementation of a set of measures. Among the various types of land reclamation, the most extensive are irrigation and drainage. An important role is played by cultural and technical work (control of shrubs, tussocks, etc.), chemical reclamation (liming and gypsuming of soils), agroforestry, strengthening of loose sands, control of water and wind erosion, etc.

Land reclamation contributes to the preservation and increase of soil fertility, increase in productivity, sustainability of agriculture, mitigation of the impact of fluctuations in weather and climate conditions on production results.

Ameliorative systems

In 1966 - 1985. the area of irrigated and drained land in the country has approximately doubled. The scale of land reclamation is increasing, but the main attention at the present stage is paid to increasing its efficiency.

In recent years, irrigation and drainage have dominated the field of melioration. Insufficient attention was paid to other types of melioration. Meanwhile, unlike irrigation and drainage, non-aqueous types of melioration are less resource-intensive and often more environmentally preferable; they will receive special attention in the coming years. Great importance is also attached to improving the economic and environmental efficiency of water reclamation: the emphasis is not on the introduction of new irrigated and drained lands, but primarily on the reconstruction of previously introduced systems, on improving the culture of agriculture on reclaimed lands.
The most important role in improving the efficiency of land reclamation is played by the rational use of water.

Land reclamation is understood as a system of technical measures aimed at radically improving the unfavorable natural conditions of the used lands.

Reclamation tasks

There are three main tasks of melioration:

improvement of lands that are in unfavorable conditions of the water regime, expressed either in an excess of moisture or in its lack in comparison with the amount that is considered necessary for the effective economic use of the territory;
improvement of lands with unfavorable physical and chemical properties of soils (heavy clayey and silty soils, saline, with high acidity, etc.);
improvement of lands subject to harmful mechanical impact, i.e. water and wind erosion, expressed in the formation of ravines, landslides, soil scattering, etc.

Types of reclamation

Depending on the specific task, various types of reclamation are used.

Reclamation, aimed at removing excess moisture from the territory, is called drainage. It finds application, in addition to agriculture, in municipal, industrial and road construction, peat extraction, when carrying out recreational activities in wetlands and other types of land development.
Land reclamation, aimed at eliminating the lack of water in the soil of agricultural fields, is called irrigation.

Land reclamation with unfavorable physical properties of soils is aimed at enhancing aeration, increasing the duty cycle and water permeability of soils. To do this, correct crop rotations are introduced, sanding of silty soils and mole drainage are used, which contributes to an increase in air and water permeability of deep soil layers.

Land reclamation with unfavorable chemical properties of soils It consists in removing harmful salts by washing, reducing soil acidity by adding lime, increasing the nutritional properties of soils with fertilizers, and introducing proper crop rotations with an increased proportion of grasses.

Land reclamation subject to water and wind erosion, usually includes measures aimed at reducing the amount and speed of flowing surface water, increasing soil resistance to erosion and dispersal. These activities are based on the use of a wide range of silvicultural, agrotechnical and hydrotechnical means.

Given the importance of land reclamation issues for agriculture and the preservation of soil fertility, the main definitions of land reclamation are enshrined in the Federal Law of January 10, 1996 No. 4-FZ "On Land Reclamation".

In modern conditions, in most areas subject to land reclamation, as a rule, not one of the above types of land reclamation is carried out, but several, depending on the combination of natural and economic conditions.
So, simultaneously with the irrigation of the territory, forest belts are created on it, crop rotations are introduced on irrigated fields, fertilizers are applied, saline areas are washed, etc. in general and the hydrological regime in particular.

From the various types of land reclamation work noted above, it is obvious that many of them do not at all fall within the competence of hydraulic engineering. Among them, for example, forest reclamation, agromelioration, etc. Therefore, in the future, only those reclamation works that are usually combined into the group of so-called water reclamation will be considered, these are: irrigation, drainage and the fight against water erosion.

Water reclamation has excited the souls of people since ancient times. Irrigation canals were built by the ancient Egyptians, guessing in this way to increase soil fertility. Water reclamation (irrigation and drainage) is one of the main ways to increase the productivity of agricultural land, which occupies 10% of the planet's land area. One sixth of these lands have been reclaimed, and they receive from 40 to 50% of all agricultural products produced.
Land reclamation is an objective necessity for the transformation of natural complexes, the transformation of swamps and wetlands into highly productive agricultural lands, the social and economic transformation of the country.
Land reclamation is the most important link in the intensification of agricultural production.

Environmental aspects are inextricably linked with the economic side of the problem and require comprehensive attention and deep reflection.
In Russia and neighboring countries, the areas covered by water reclamation are constantly increasing. This leads to a significant increase in the consumption of water resources. When carrying out water reclamation, up to 200 cubic meters are annually consumed. km of water depending on the degree of moisture.
In addition, in the countries under consideration, there are practically no lands that would not need certain types of reclamation to radically improve their fertility.
The development of new agricultural land for irrigation is often hampered by a shortage of water resources, since this type of melioration is typical primarily for the southern regions of the country.

Related articles:
Definitions, goals and objectives of land reclamation
Types of reclamation
Drainage of agricultural land
Irrigation of agricultural land
Agroforestry and soil erosion control methods
Use for irrigation of desalinated sea water

Back to Reclamation

Land reclamation (improvement) is an important component of environmental management.

3.1. Ameliorative systems

A person is engaged in land reclamation constantly, as soon as he switched to a settled way of life. Land reclamation is a fundamental change in the components of nature to increase the consumer value (utility) of land. Reclamation leads to a fundamental long-term change in natural conditions, which persists for tens and hundreds of years.

Since melioration is a consumer activity, a person meliorates certain territories, that is, lands. Land is a territory with land (suitable for some use), which is in someone's use, possession or ownership.

Proceeding from this, they distinguish between: reclamation of agricultural lands (“agricultural reclamation”), reclamation of lands of forest, water funds, settlements, etc.

There are various types of melioration. They are classified according to the purpose and method of implementation of reclamation measures. According to the purpose of reclamation, there are: irrigation, drainage, desalination, anti-erosion. Irrigation reclamation consists in artificially moistening the soil to increase its fertility, drainage - in removing excess water from the soil, desalination - in removing excess salts harmful to agricultural crops, anti-erosion reclamation is aimed at preserving soils from destruction and washout.

According to the method of implementation, melioration is divided into hydrotechnical in the construction of hydraulic structures - canals, pipelines, water intakes, etc.; agrotechnical - ameliorative tillage, mole-growing, soil surface profiling, snow retention; forestry - planting forests; chemical - the introduction of chemicals (chemmeliorants) into the soil to improve its properties. In addition, there are cultural and technical reclamation, which consists in cleaning the surface of the soil from tree and shrub vegetation, moss tow, leveling pits, shafts and heaps, creating and cultivating the arable soil layer.

The main goal of agricultural land reclamation is the expanded reproduction of soil fertility.

In the case of land reclamation for other purposes, the main goal may change, but the restrictions on its implementation still remain.

On the lands of the forest fund, the indicators of the reclamation regime are mainly reduced to the creation of favorable moisture in the upper soil layer, the depth of groundwater and the timing of flooding.

On the lands of settlements, industry, transport, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required depth of groundwater to increase the bearing capacity of soils as the foundations of structures, the functioning of the underground parts of buildings and communications, the sanitary condition of the territory, to prevent the accumulation of pollutants in soils, soils and waters, to eliminate negative influence of mineralized groundwater (corrosion hazard).

On the lands of the water fund, the requirements for melioration are to improve the properties of the soils of the bottom or bed of reservoirs: the shape of the surface (leveling the banks, filling in the pits), clearing vegetation, moving cattle burial grounds, eliminating landfills, excavating peat, removing contaminated soil, silt deposits.

On the lands of recreational, historical, cultural and scientific purposes, the indicators of the reclamation regime should be reduced to sanitary and environmental requirements, ensuring the safety of valuable natural and anthropogenic objects.

Engineering reclamation systems are built on reclaimed lands, i.e. a complex of structures, devices, machines and equipment, designed together with measures to regulate the parameters of the reclamation regime.

In addition, the system includes energy supply facilities, roads, structures; means of control, communication and management.

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Agroforestry land reclamation

Definitions of the expression Agroforestry land reclamation
When we find an identical definition of "Agroforestry land" we add +1 to the rating.
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Agroforestry is the protection of soils from drought and erosion by creating systems of protective forest belts of one design or another or, for example, draining soils using eucalyptus plantations.
Land reclamation is a radical improvement of land by carrying out hydrotechnical, agroforestry, agrotechnical and other land reclamation measures.
Land conservation is a temporary withdrawal of land from circulation in order to prevent the development and stop the processes of soil degradation, as well as restore their fertility.
Legal protection of lands is a system of measures fixed by law aimed at ensuring the rational use of lands, preserving and increasing their fertility, protecting against depletion and destruction.

RECLAIM SYSTEMS

The legal regime of land is a set of legal norms that establish certain rules of conduct in relation to land, and the legal regime of a land plot is, first of all, a set of land legal relations that develop over a land plot.
Some of the lands are the lands of the Military Unit (in the middle of the island) and the weather station (North-West Cape of the island).
Purpose of lands is the procedure established by law, conditions, limit of exploitation of lands for specific purposes in accordance with the categories of lands.
About the scarcity of land, this is generally a rare nonsense, if we do not forget that Russia ranks first in the world in terms of the area of chernozems - the most fertile soils.
The reunification of historical lands sounds so beautiful!.

Types of irrigation melioration. Regular and one-time irrigation.

Agricultural melioration is a complex of technical, organizational, economic and socio-economic measures aimed at radically improving adverse natural conditions and increasing soil fertility in order to obtain high, sustainable crop yields.

Land reclamation actively influences the development of agriculture, contributes to the improvement of human life and activity. V. I. Lenin was the first to point out the enormous social significance of land reclamation. He wrote: “Irrigation is most needed and most of all will recreate the region, revive it, bury the past, strengthen the transition to socialism”*.

Melioration, changing the water regime of soils in the direction necessary for agricultural production, simultaneously affects the air, nutrient, thermal and agrobiological regimes of soils, increases their fertility and creates conditions for obtaining high and stable crop yields.

Irrigation reclamation is divided into the following types: moisturizing, watering the land, fertilizing and heating.

The most common moisturizing melioration. Their purpose is to make up for the lack of moisture in the soil or air by artificially supplying water. Moisture reclamation is used in all areas of the country where there is a permanent or temporary deficit of moisture in the soil.

Land irrigation is used in arid regions where there are no natural water sources or water flow in them is short-term and insufficient. The purpose of land irrigation is to provide water to the territory for water supply to the population, watering of livestock and for other economic and technical needs.

Fertilizer irrigation is carried out with river and waste waters (domestic, industrial and livestock effluents) simultaneously with soil moistening.

Heating irrigation is used to warm soils and plants, using the warm waters of thermal power plants, state district power plants, underground and other water sources. Heating irrigations also include special irrigations used to combat frost.

One-time or one-time irrigation is carried out by retaining spring melt water on the site (estuary) or adding water to the site during the summer flood (flood). With one-time irrigation, to create water reserves in case of drought, the soil is moistened to a depth of 1.5 ... 2 m or more. One-time irrigation does not always meet the requirements of agricultural crops, meteorological and soil conditions. It is commonly used for irrigation of meadows, pastures and crops with a short growing season. One-time irrigation is an extensive way of using irrigated land and water resources.

At present, the following irrigation methods are used for regular moistening: surface gravity, sprinkling, intrasoil (subsoil), drip, finely dispersed.

8. Natural zonality of Russia. Characteristics of reclamation zones in Russia.

The zones of deserts and semi-deserts have much in common in terms of natural conditions; there is no sharp boundary between them. Their total area is about 300 million hectares. These zones are characterized by continentality, severe aridity, an abundance of light and heat. The average annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 200…250 mm. There is very little rainfall during the summer months. The average annual evaporation is 1400 ... 1700 mm and more. Natural hydration is extremely insufficient.

The temperature regime fluctuates greatly throughout the year. The average temperature in July is 26…32 °C, and in winter it decreases in some periods to -10 °C and even -30 °C. The sum of air temperatures over 10 °С is 3600…5500°. The frost-free period lasts in different regions and in different years from about 195 to 254 days.

The abundance of heat and light makes it possible to cultivate valuable heat-loving crops - cotton, rice, grapes, etc. However, these crops can be grown only with artificial irrigation. Natural moistening here is from 7 to 20% of the water consumption of agricultural crops. Therefore, irrigation in the zones of deserts and semi-deserts is the main factor in the water supply of plants.

Irrigation of lands in these zones has a number of features. Sufficient reserves of moisture from autumn and winter precipitation are not created in the soil, therefore, irrigation is necessary before sowing crops. Sometimes spring is unstable, cold and protracted, leading to reseeding of crops, that is, an unstable irrigation regime in spring. High summer temperatures and low air humidity significantly increase water consumption by plants from the fields. Therefore, frequent watering with large norms is necessary.

The areas of irrigated lands in Central Asia can be increased at the expense of their own water resources with their more efficient use. In the future, it is planned to transfer water here from Siberian rivers.

Newly irrigated lands often require drainage and salt flushing. The development of lands located high from the source of irrigation is possible under the condition of a machine lifting of water, sometimes to a considerable height) /. These lands usually have large slopes, low thickness of stony soils, and high water permeability. Irrigation of new, high-lying lands sometimes leads to flooding of old irrigated lands located below them.

At present, when designing and developing new irrigated lands, their reclamation is solved in a complex way, taking into account social factors. A vivid example of this is the Hungry Steppe, the regions of the Karakum Canal, the Karshi Steppe and other objects.

The steppe zone has a continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The number of days with average temperatures over 10°C ranges from 180 in the west to 125 in the east. Evaporation reaches 700 ... 800 mm or more, significantly exceeding precipitation. Natural moisture in the steppe zone is unstable over the years and during the growing season. Precipitation in different years is from 40 to 90% of the total water consumption of crops. Annual rainfall decreases from west to east and from north to south; in the European part of the zone, 350 ... 500 mm falls, in the Asian - 250 ... 400 mm.

Rainfed agriculture prevails in the steppe zone. However, it is subject to droughts, which range from 20 to 30% of years or more and last from several days to 2 ... 3 months and even from spring to autumn. More frequent and prolonged are spring and early summer droughts, which are especially harmful to spring sowing crops. Therefore, to increase the yield of agricultural crops, moisture accumulation in the soil due to autumn, winter and spring precipitation as a result of agrotechnical and reclamation measures is essential. Irrigation in the steppe zone only supplements the missing natural precipitation. It also contributes to their more efficient use.

Irrigation here is sometimes sparse (selective). Regular and one-time (estuary) irrigation using local spring runoff is widespread. In recent years, irrigation has begun to develop in large areas using the flow of large1 rivers - the Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Terek, Kuban, etc. The most rational here is the irrigation of orchards, sugar beet, vegetables, melons, grain and fodder crops.

In many areas of the steppe zone, water erosion of soils is highly developed, leading to rapid siltation of ponds, drying up the soil when ravines form, and hindering the mechanization of field work.

The forest zone extends from the Baltic Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The climate of the zone in the European part is moderately humid, in Siberia it is sharply continental, where frosts reach -50 °C, and summer temperatures can exceed 30 °C. The average annual rainfall is 450 ... 650 mm, and on the Pacific coast - up to 800 mm. Evaporation from the water surface in the eastern part of the USSR is 300 ... 400 mm, increasing in the west to 400 ... 600 mm or more. Consequently, on average, precipitation is approximately equal to evaporation, and in some areas (in the north-west of the zone) exceed it.

Agriculture is developed throughout the forest zone. The further development of agriculture should be linked with the rational management of forestry. In areas where there is excessive natural moisture and there is no surface or groundwater runoff, drainage reclamation is required. However, in many regions there are periods in the summer when precipitation does not fall for a long time and such moisture-loving crops as vegetables, fodder and grasses need artificial soil moisture.

In the forest zone, a sufficient amount of moisture is usually created in the soil by the spring, but there are some years when these reserves are insufficient.

Reclamation

Dry periods in summer occur at different times and for varying durations. Practice shows that even in the area of excessive moisture, vegetable crops experience a lack of moisture in spring and early summer, on average, once every two years. Irrigation of crops during dry periods significantly increases their yields.

In the forest zone, irrigation is episodic: in some dry periods, valuable moisture-loving crops are watered, and usually in small areas1. In recent years, irrigation has begun to develop in vegetable and livestock farms near large cities and industrial towns. Wastewater is also used for irrigation: domestic, industrial enterprises and livestock complexes. Irrigation of cultivated pastures and meadows is being developed.

In the forest zone there are areas with insufficient precipitation in the summer, where water consumption exceeds precipitation and the available moisture reserves in the soil. Obviously, irrigation will develop here in connection with the rapid growth of the population, which must be provided with vegetables and other products through production in local conditions. The development of greenhouse farms in the forest dawn is promising. The main method of irrigation in the forest zone is sprinkling.

Land reclamation is a set of technical, organizational and economic measures aimed at improving soil, agro-climatic and hydrological conditions in order to increase the high return on land use in order to obtain sustainable and high crop yields.

Land reclamation measures are called irrigation and drainage of the soil (irrigation), control of rivers and surface flowing waters, fortification of unstable ravines and loose sands, a fundamental change in the chemical composition of the soil (gypsum of saline and liming of acidic soils), as well as clearing the soil from stones. The use of land reclamation makes it possible to increase productivity, which is of great importance in the development of agriculture, as it improves productivity, the fodder base of animal husbandry, and contributes to the development of new swampy or desert lands.

There are four types of land reclamation: hydromelioration, agroforestry, cultural land. In turn, they are divided into types.

Hydromelioration can be irrigation, drainage, anti-flood, anti-salt, anti-erosion, anti-landslide.

Agroforestry can be anti-erosion, field-protective, pasture-protective.

Cultural and technical soil reclamation is subdivided into clearing land from grass, trees, moss, tussocks, stumps; cleaning from stones and other objects; ameliorative processing of salt licks; sanding, loosening, planting, earthing, claying and primary tillage; as well as other work.

The types of chemical reclamation are: gypsum, phosphorite, liming.

Land reclamation gives the most tangible result with the complex application of all or its individual types. Also, its effectiveness depends on the applied methods and cultural works. The complex of reclamation works for a certain territory will depend on its agricultural use (cultivation technology, crop rotations, choice of varieties and crops) and the type of development.

For drained zones, the best indicator of humidity is provided by its two-way regulation. For this, drainage and humidification complexes are being built, combining irrigation with drainage, by the method of carrying out water drainage during periods of heavy rainfall and in spring and irrigating the territory in dry time. Simultaneously with such systems, a collector-drainage network is being built in irrigated areas, which does not allow a strong rise and controls saline soils. Acidic soils are subjected to liming.

Land reclamation leads to an improvement in the climate, especially in arid areas, since during irrigation in the surface layer, air humidity increases (due to moisture evaporating from the vegetation cover and soil). This in turn causes a decrease in temperature and softens the impact of droughts.

Usually melioration extends to hundreds of thousands of hectares of land. This feature entails the importance of choosing a system of land reclamation works on a scientific basis, which will not entail a negative impact on nature and its resources. To create a project for land reclamation work on the territory, first a complex of geological, topographic-geodesic, hydrogeological, climatological, geobotanical, soil and other studies is carried out.

"Reclamation, reclamation and protection of lands" - a field of science and technology engaged in purposeful improvement (reclamation), restoration (reclamation), protection of lands for various purposes, combating pollution, natural disasters - floods, flooding of lands, their erosion, erosion, landslides , mudflows, dry winds - to increase the consumer value (utility) of land. The objectives of the research are to improve methods, methods and technologies, improve the quality and reliability of design, construction and operation of engineering and reclamation and engineering and environmental systems, substantiate new methods of melioration, reclamation and land protection. The objects of research are: 1) agricultural lands, forest and water funds, settlements, industry, transport, communications; recreational, health-improving, historical, cultural, scientific, defense purposes, which are in various forms of use, ownership or ownership and are considered as geosystems of various ranks with an interdependent set of all components of nature: soils, including anthropogenic cultural soils and urbanozems, soils, surface and underground waters, air masses of the troposphere and wildlife; 2) natural-technogenic systems, including engineering-reclamation, engineering-ecological systems and measures that increase the usefulness of the components of nature. This specialty is an integral part of environmental management - human activities to increase the usefulness of nature and its protection in the process of nature management. The significance of the scientific and technical problems of this specialty is to improve the standard of living and health of the population, to ensure the sustainable development of the country, to increase the efficiency of various types of environmental management: agriculture, forestry, water management, industry, to preserve and improve soil fertility, protect and reproduce water resources , flora and fauna.

Land reclamation-- fundamental land improvement as a result of the implementation of a set of measures. Among the various types of land reclamation, the most extensive are irrigation and drainage.

An important role is played by cultural and technical work (control of shrubs, tussocks, etc.), chemical reclamation (liming and gypsuming of soils), agroforestry, strengthening of loose sands, control of water and wind erosion, etc.

Land reclamation contributes to the preservation and increase of soil fertility, the growth of productivity, the sustainability of agriculture, and the mitigation of the impact of fluctuations in iodine-climatic conditions on production results. In 1966--1985. the area of irrigated and drained land in the country has approximately doubled. The scale of land reclamation is increasing, but the main attention at the present stage is paid to increasing its efficiency.

The most important role in improving the efficiency of land reclamation is played by the rational use of water.

Land reclamation is understood as a system of technical measures aimed at radically improving the unfavorable natural conditions of the used lands.

There are three main tasks of melioration:

· improvement of lands under unfavorable conditions of the water regime, expressed either in an excess of moisture or in its deficiency in comparison with the amount that is considered necessary for the effective economic use of the territory;

· improvement of lands with unfavorable physical and chemical properties of soils (heavy clayey and silty soils, saline, with high acidity, etc.);

Improvement of lands subject to harmful mechanical effects, i.e. water and wind erosion, expressed in the formation of ravines, landslides, soil scattering, etc.

Depending on the specific task, various types of reclamation are used.

Land reclamation, aimed at removing excess moisture from the territory, is called drainage. It finds application, in addition to agriculture, in municipal, industrial and road construction, peat extraction, when carrying out recreational activities in wetlands and other types of land development. Land reclamation, aimed at eliminating the lack of water in the soil of agricultural fields, is called irrigation.

Land reclamation with unfavorable physical properties of soils is aimed at increasing aeration, increasing the porosity and water permeability of soils. To do this, correct crop rotations are introduced, sanding of silty soils and molehill drainage are used, which contributes to an increase in air and water permeability of deep soil layers. Land reclamation with unfavorable chemical properties of soils consists in removing harmful salts by washing, reducing soil acidity by adding lime, increasing the nutritional properties of soils with fertilizers and introducing proper crop rotations with an increased specific gravity of grasses,

Reclamation of lands subject to water and wind erosion usually includes activities aimed at reducing the amount and speed of flowing surface water, increasing soil resistance to erosion and dispersal. These activities are based on the use of a wide range of silvicultural, agrotechnical and hydrotechnical means.

So, simultaneously with the irrigation of the territory, forest belts are created on it, crop rotations are introduced on irrigated fields, fertilizers are applied, saline areas are washed, etc. in general and the hydrological regime in particular.

Water reclamation has excited the souls of people since ancient times. Irrigation canals were built by the ancient Egyptians, guessing in this way to increase soil fertility. Water reclamation (irrigation and drainage) is one of the main ways to increase the productivity of agricultural land, which occupies 10% of the planet's land area. One sixth of these lands have been reclaimed, and they receive from 40 to 50% of all agricultural products produced. Land reclamation is an objective necessity for the transformation of natural complexes, the transformation of swamps and wetlands into highly productive agricultural lands, the social and economic transformation of the country. As the most important link in the intensification of agricultural production, land reclamation is called upon to make a tangible contribution to the solution of the Food Program.

Environmental aspects are inextricably linked with the economic side of the problem and require comprehensive attention and deep reflection. In Russia and neighboring countries, the areas covered by water reclamation are constantly increasing. This leads to a significant increase in the consumption of water resources. When conducting water reclamation, up to 200 km2 of water is consumed annually, depending on the degree of moisture. In addition, in the countries under consideration, there are practically no lands that would not need certain types of reclamation to radically improve their fertility. The development of new agricultural land for irrigation is often hampered by a shortage of water resources, since this type of melioration is typical primarily for the southern regions of the country.

Areas of irrigated and drained lands in Russia and neighboring countries. Developing irrigation, it is necessary to lay in its basis a water-saving irrigation technology that contributes to a sharp increase in the efficiency of this type of melioration. But so far, the efficiency of the irrigation network remains low. Thus, in the irrigation systems of the North Caucasus, only in inter-farm canals, water losses account for 30% of the total volume of its withdrawal. Significant losses of water for filtration in the main earthen canals of the irrigation systems of the Volga region. A significant reserve for the normalized use of moisture is the correct choice and rational use of various methods of irrigating agricultural land. Over the past two decades, the areas of irrigation by sprinkling have increased up to 75% in Russian farms, which led to a decrease in irrigation norms by 25-30%. In recent years, more progressive methods of irrigation have appeared: drip and aerosol, providing up to 50% water savings. Thus, the irrigation rate of winter wheat when combined with sprinkling irrigation with finely dispersed moisture was 30% lower on average over three years than when using only sprinkling.

With the development of irrigated lands, the volume of collector-drainage waters increases. They are formed as a result of periodic irrigation, when there is an excess runoff of water, as well as when the soil is desalinated by leaching. In these cases, the mineralization of river waters increases and they become unsuitable for irrigating lands. Such waters, for example, in Central Asia are diverted to special reservoirs (Arnasay lakes, Sarykamysh depression). Large volumes of drainage water are discharged into the Amu Darya. Over the past 15 years, the mineralization of water in the Amu Darya has doubled in connection with this. So, only from the territory of Tajikistan, 3 km2 of collector-drainage and waste waters with a salinity of 1-4 g/l are annually sent to the river and its tributaries. as a result, the water of the Amu Darya in the lower reaches became unsuitable for drinking water supply without preliminary purification, since its mineralization reached 2-3 g/l. To solve this problem, it is necessary to draw up schemes for the integrated use of collector-drainage flow for various national economic purposes (watering pastures, growing salt-tolerant and water-purifying plants, water supply based on desalination, etc.). it is also necessary to significantly reduce the consumption of water when washing saline lands, reduce irrigation rates, increase the efficiency of hydro-reclamation systems, and organize the demineralization of collector-drainage waters with their simultaneous purification from harmful impurities.

Drainage melioration is one of the main directions of development of the country's water management. They provide high yields of agricultural products on lands that were previously unsuitable for such use. Drainage is widespread in areas where there are swampy and waterlogged lands, which is primarily characteristic of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, the Baltic countries and Belarus. Drainage of lowland, transitional and raised bogs is carried out using open channels and closed drainage of various types. The impact of drainage reclamation on the environment has always been of concern to the general public. A sharp controversy began in the second half of the last century, when for military purposes the expedition of General Zhilinsky undertook the drainage of Polesye. The objections of the Ministry of Railways boiled down to the fact that the drainage of swamps would lead to the shallowing of the Dnieper and Pripyat. The landlords of the black earth provinces feared a reduction in precipitation and an increase in droughts in southern Russia. It is interesting that the arguments put forward against land reclamation a hundred years ago are put forward in almost the same formulation now, despite the fact that considerable scientific and practical experience has been accumulated by now. Large-scale land reclamation poses many challenges, one of which is to achieve high yields combined with efficient and cost-effective conservation solutions.

In the Nonchernozem zone of Russia and neighboring countries there are about 40 million hectares of agricultural waterlogged mineral soils and 86 million hectares of peat. These lands are intended for carrying out drainage activities. When implementing them, it is necessary to take into account the dual nature of the functioning of modern reclamation systems, designed not only for drainage, but also for moistening. The decrease in runoff volumes as a result of an increase in water consumption with intensive grassland use of drained bogs (in natural bogs, compared to reclaimed bogs, it evaporates and is used less by about 1500 m3/ha) is compensated by the construction of reservoirs and ponds. Such systems should ensure the timely removal of excess water from wetlands and, at the same time, can be water receivers and water reservoirs for moistening soils during dry periods of the year. In connection with the intensification of agricultural production, the issue of protecting water from pollution is currently coming to the fore. It should be borne in mind that biogenic substances, pesticides and other chemical compounds that have a harmful effect on natural waters are carried out with drainage waters that are discharged into reclamation systems. As hydrochemical studies have shown, the design of reclamation systems has a significant impact on the quality of groundwater, regulating, conducting network and water intake. The main issue, especially in large-scale reclamation, is the impact of drainage reclamation on the water regime of the regions. After the creation of the drainage system, the hydrological regime is significantly transformed. The greatest changes are noted in the river runoff. In the first years of the initial operation of drainage systems in the basin, there is a slight increase in the annual flow due to the intensive discharge of excess water. Subsequently, it may decrease to its original value (before the start of reclamation work). It has been established that after land drainage, especially in the first years, the share of underground nutrition in the river flow increases. An analysis of post-reclamation changes in runoff during the summer-autumn low water showed that during this period the water content of the river increases. The runoff of the spring flood changes little, mainly in the direction of its decrease, since on reclaimed lands it is formed under the influence of two main factors acting in opposite directions: an increase in the capacity of the aeration zone, which causes large losses of melt water, and an increase in the rate of runoff of spring water due to developed artificial hydrographic network.

Currently, there are many complaints about meliorators in connection with the regulation and straightening of small rivers. It should be said that the so-called decisive straightening was carried out when the country did not have sufficient material, monetary and energy resources. In addition, it was necessary to solve the problem of providing the population of the country with food. At this stage, it was necessary to quickly introduce drained lands into intensive agricultural circulation by using simple, inexpensive methods of reclamation. Numerous reservoirs and ponds are often built for reclamation purposes. An example of this can be the Polesskaya lowland, where two approaches are used in the organization of water management. If in the Byelorussian Polissya to ensure the development of agriculture, reservoirs are mainly created, then in the Ukrainian - ponds.

As a result of large-scale land reclamation carried out over the past two decades, Belarusian Polesye has become one of the developed industrial and agricultural regions of the republic. Without a doubt, land reclamation has played a leading role; without it, the intensification of agriculture in this region would have been simply impossible. And at the same time, those catastrophic consequences that prophesied did not occur, namely: the shallowing of the Dnieper and Pripyat, the climate did not change and droughts did not become more frequent. For example, the volume of the Dnieper runoff at the Lod-Kamenka post in 1980 was the same as in 1824, despite the fact that about 3 million hectares of land had been drained in the catchment before this post. The main of the currently unresolved issues in science is the establishment of the permissible volume of melioration for each specific water circulation, taking into account the rational use of all natural resources and the interests of all sectors of the national economy. But, given the government's strategy, all this is smoothly moving into the "near future" section.

Land reclamation irrigation. A complex of reclamation measures. Alarming statistics and optimism

RECLAIM SYSTEMS

Ameliorative systems

Ameliorative system

Reclamation and its types

The concept of land reclamation

Ameliorative systems

Reclamation tasks

Types of reclamation

3.1. Ameliorative systems

Agroforestry land reclamation

RECLAIM SYSTEMS

Types of irrigation melioration. Regular and one-time irrigation.

Reclamation

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