KGL conversations for children presentations about ticks. Dangerous insects - ixodid ticks. Thank you for your attention
This presentation contains a variety of information on the topic, adapted for primary school students. The material can be used both in life safety lessons and in lessons on the surrounding world and thematic classroom hours
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Where do they live? Most often, ticks bite a person in the forest - where they live. A tick can crawl on you from the grass or bushes, but not jump from a tree, since ticks cannot jump. They usually do not rise higher than 1.5 m above the ground. The legs of insects are very tenacious, and the arachnids themselves are very small, so you won’t even feel that someone is crawling over your body. They love places where cattle graze, various clearings and remote places. In hot weather or rain, ticks hide and do not attack. Ticks are most dangerous in May–June, and by autumn this danger practically disappears. Ticks are most active in the morning and evening; they love shaded, damp places. They usually do not appear in bright places.
Be careful, ticks! The tick attacks various animals and humans. Once on the victim’s legs, the tick crawls upward to find a place convenient for suction.
Important! When walking in dangerous areas (parks, forests, fields): 1. Wear a hat, 2. Clothes should fit close to the body, tuck pants into shoes. It is better that the clothes are light and plain, as ticks are more noticeable on them; 3. Inspect clothing every 10 minutes; 3. Do not sit or lie down on the grass.
Be careful, ticks! Unlike mosquitoes, which immediately fly away after sucking blood, ticks stick for three to four days. From drinking blood, the ticks swell greatly, increasing in size three to four times, and only then fall off.
Phone 03. -Seek help from your adult relatives (they won’t scold you!) Children! Do not try to remove the tick yourself, as you may tear it and part of the tick will remain in the body. Even part of a tick can cause illness. What should I do if bitten by a tick?
Do not pull the tick under any circumstances - it has already grabbed your flesh with its front legs, and if you pull hard, you will tear off its head, and it, along with the sting, will remain in the skin. Then you will have to pick out the head with a needle, previously heated in the flame of a lighter, like a splinter.
Be careful, ticks! If the tick is not removed in the hospital!!! Place the tick in the jar and close the lid. Take it to your local SES laboratory to find out whether the tick is infected with encephalitis or not. For an accurate and quick examination, the tick must be delivered alive! Encephalitis is the most dangerous tick-borne disease. If you are lucky, you will get away with a fright, but if not, paralysis of both arms, complete blindness or deafness is possible. Keep in mind that these consequences are irreversible, unless, of course, some universal treatment method is invented in the near future. But he's not there yet. In some cases, encephalitis leads to death.
Signs of tick-borne encephalitis If after a bite you: A red spot has formed at the site of the wound from the bite The temperature has increased Aches in the muscles and joints have appeared You have become afraid of light A rash has appeared on the body Consult a doctor immediately!
Don't be afraid of vaccinations! People living in rural areas need to be vaccinated against the most common disease spread by ticks - encephalitis. Vaccination is the most effective means of protection. It is done in February - March so that the body acquires immunity.
Other tick-borne infections There are other infections that are transmitted by ticks: Lyme disease (borreliosis) The worst thing is that there are no vaccinations against borreliosis. Tick-borne typhus Ehrlichiosis Hemorrhagic fevers The infection is transmitted to a person directly during a bite, along with saliva injected into the body. Of course, there are also so-called “clean” ticks, whose saliva does not contain any infections, but there is no guarantee that the tick that bit you is not a carrier of the disease.
Remember! The most important thing is to try to prevent ticks from being sucked on. It is important to remember that the tick sticks tightly 1-1.5 hours after it hits the body. When walking through the forest, do not tear off branches or deliberately pull them away. With this action, you shake off the largest number of ticks on yourself and on the person passing behind. After a walk, be sure to carefully examine yourself, because a tick bite, especially a male one, may not be felt or may be confused with a mosquito.
Follow the safety rules, and then your vacation will be safe and will give you only a good mood! ,
Be careful! Ticks!
Completed by: 4th grade student
May School Degtyarev Lleksey
Head: primary school teacher Lyudmila Georgievna Letaeva
Purpose of the study :
studying ixodid ticks as carriers of viral diseases, as well as studying measures to combat them.
Research objectives:
- Study the literature on the research topic.
-Study the history of the discovery of tick-borne encephalitis.
-Conduct a survey of medical workers and draw conclusions.
Relevance of the topic
After a long and cold winter, people tend to go out into the forest. This is a favorite place for relaxation and walks for adults and children.
But while admiring the fresh spring colors and absorbing the impressions of communicating with nature, we must not forget that in the spring forest we may encounter ticks - carriers of the tick-borne encephalitis virus.
What is tick-borne encephalitis?
Tick-borne encephalitis – a serious illness in which inflammation of the brain occurs. Its causative agent is the smallest organism from the group of viruses, which can only be seen using an electron microscope, which gives a magnification of tens and hundreds of thousands of times. The size of the tick-borne encephalitis virus is 30 millimicrons.”
This tiny organism lives in the body of a forest tick for up to 4 years. The tick is the main custodian of the pathogen in nature and the main source of human infection. Therefore, the disease was called “Tick-borne encephalitis.”
History of the study of tick-borne encephalitis
Active study of tick-borne encephalitis began in the thirties of the last century. In 1937, L.A. Zilber managed to isolate the virus that causes this pathology.
Lev Alexandrovich Zilber(1894 -1966) - Soviet immunologist and virologist, founder of the Soviet school of medical virology.
Where do ticks live?
Ticks are inhabitants of the forest. They live in the forest floor formed by fallen leaves and grass. The thicker the layer of litter, the better it warms up, the more favorable the conditions for the development and life of ticks. They are found, as a rule, in small-leaved and deciduous-coniferous forests, in which birch, aspen, gray alder, bird cherry, rowan, willow, as well as pine and spruce grow. Such forests are sufficiently lighted, and the forest floor warms up well. In coniferous-deciduous forests with a significant predominance of spruce or pine and a relatively small content of deciduous species, ticks are found in smaller numbers. They can be found in thickets of willow and gray alder located along forest roads, ditches, and fields.
Features of the structure of ticks
The body of ixodid ticks consists of two sections - the head and the body. Their integument is sometimes hard and inextensible, and sometimes soft and elastic, gathered into folds. Thanks to this structural feature of the integument, ticks are able to absorb significant portions of blood and increase their weight by 100 times or more. There is a shield on the dorsal side of the tick's body. In the male it occupies the entire surface of the body, and its integument is brown.
Tick activity period
The peak activity of ticks usually begins in May, in the second half, if the spring is warm and early, then at the end of April. But they do not attack all summer, but until about the middle or end of July. By that time, most arthropods have already had time to drink blood and their activity decreases. So somewhere from the end of July you can go into the forest relatively calmly.
The tick development cycle lasts at least three years, and can last for four to five years. During this time, ticks feed only three times, while out of thousands of larvae only a few dozen adult individuals are obtained, the rest fail to survive.
- Only adult females and males are dangerous to humans, while larvae and nymphs pose no threat.
How do mites develop?
Routes of infection
Crushing and rubbing the attached tick
Bite tick
Tick saliva contains blood thinners and painkillers
Eating infected raw goat and cow milk
The first signs of tick-borne encephalitis
They may appear 1 to 14 days after infection.
The first signs of tick-borne encephalitis include:
-sudden increase in body temperature to 39-40 degrees;
- severe chills and weakness;
-thirst and increased sweating;
-a feeling of numbness and slight tingling in various areas of the skin;
-headaches and muscle pains;
-feeling of numbness in the lower and upper extremities;
-vomiting and lack of appetite.
In the future, the symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis quickly increase. Confusion of consciousness, paresis of the muscles of the lower and upper extremities, and spasms in the abdominal cavity appear.
Consequences of tick-borne encephalitis
Neck muscle dysfunction
Various consequences of tick-borne encephalitis can manifest themselves throughout the patient’s life. In most cases, complications develop during the treatment of the underlying disease. A person receives persistent paralysis or muscle atrophy. This makes independent movement or self-care impossible. In some cases, the consequences of tick-borne encephalitis appear several months later in the form of repeated and progressive epileptic seizures.
Complete paralysis of a limb
First aid for a tick bite
If you are not confident that you can remove the insect yourself, then immediately seek medical help. It is strictly forbidden to independently remove ticks from children under 10 years of age.
1. Lubricate the attached tick with fat (vaseline, cream, sunflower oil)
2.Wait 12-20 minutes
3. Using a thread loop or tweezers, carefully pull out the tick, shaking it from side to side
4.Try not to destroy the tick
5.Burn the removed tick or pour boiling water over it.
6. Treat the bite site with alcohol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
7. Wash your hands
How to protect yourself from tick-borne encephalitis?
Repellent should be applied to collars, cuffs, waistbands, and the top of socks to prevent ticks from getting under clothing.
It is necessary to conduct thorough self- and mutual examinations after 1-2 hours. This measure is simple, reliable and accessible to everyone. During examination, special attention should be paid to the hairy parts of the body, skin folds, ears, armpits and inguinal cavities. When returning home, you need to carefully check all the folds and seams of your clothing, as ticks that haven’t had time to attach themselves can crawl into them. .
Vaccination. For or against?
The simplest, most effective and safest way to protect against tick-borne viral encephalitis is vaccination. To be 100% sure of your protection from the disease, you must complete the full course of vaccination. It consists of two or three primary vaccinations and one revaccination at the intervals specified in the instructions for use of the vaccine. In the future, it is necessary to maintain immunity by re-vaccinating once every 3-5 years. .
TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF AND YOUR LOVED ONES!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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The taiga and European forest ticks are giants compared to their “peaceful” counterparts; their body is covered with a powerful shell and equipped with four pairs of legs. In females, the coverings of the back part are capable of greatly stretching, which allows them to absorb large amounts of blood, hundreds of times more than the weight of a hungry tick. Males are somewhat smaller in size than females and attach only for a short time (less than an hour). It is very easy to distinguish between a female and a male - you just need to remember what they look like. In the surrounding world, ticks navigate mainly through touch and smell; ticks do not have eyes. But ticks’ sense of smell is very acute: studies have shown that ticks are able to smell an animal or person at a distance of about 10 meters.
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Tick habitats. Ticks that transmit encephalitis are distributed throughout almost the entire territory of the southern part of the forest zone of Eurasia. What places are at greatest risk of encountering ticks? Ticks are moisture-loving, and therefore their numbers are greatest in well-moistened places. Many ticks live along the bottom of ravines and forest ravines, as well as along forest edges and along the banks of forest streams. In addition, they are abundant along forest edges. It is very important to know that ticks concentrate on forest paths and paths covered with grass along the side of the road. There are many times more of them here than in the surrounding forest. Studies have shown that ticks are attracted to the smell of animals and people who constantly use these paths when moving through the forest. Some features of the placement and behavior of ticks have led to the widespread misconception in Siberia that ticks “jump” on people from birch trees. Indeed, in birch forests there are usually a lot of ticks. And a tick clinging to clothing crawls upward, and is often found on the head and shoulders. This gives the false impression that the ticks fell from above. You should remember the characteristic landscapes where in late April - early July the number of ticks is highest and where the risk of infection with tick-borne encephalitis is high during this period: deciduous forests, forest areas littered with windfalls, ravines, river valleys, meadows.
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Development cycle of ticks. In May-June, having engorged itself with blood, the female lays 1.5 - 2.5 thousand eggs, from which, a few weeks later, larvae hatch, they are no larger than a poppy seed and have only three pairs of legs. The larvae attack small forest animals and birds, sucking blood for 3-4 days, then leave their hosts and go to the forest floor. There they molt, turning into the next phase of development - nymphs, which are larger and already have four pairs of limbs. Having overwintered, the nymphs go out to “hunt” in the same way, but choose larger victims: squirrels, chipmunks, hares, hedgehogs. After a year, the engorged nymph turns into either a female or a male. Thus, the development cycle of a tick lasts at least three years, and can drag on for four to five years. During this time, ticks feed only three times, while out of thousands of larvae only a few dozen adult individuals are obtained, the rest fail to survive. Only adult females and males are dangerous to humans, while larvae and nymphs pose no threat.
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A tick bite is invisible and imperceptible. Before biting, the tick secretes an anesthetic substance. And only then does it stick. Protecting yourself from ticks First aid for an encephalitis tick bite A tick that has pierced the skin can be removed using the following method:- a drop of any oil (vegetable, machine) must be applied to the bite site to block the air supply;
- After the tick wrinkles, it must be grabbed with tweezers and removed with smooth circular unwinding movements. If you don't have tweezers, you can use regular thread:
- it is necessary to thread a thread between the body of the tick and the skin;
- stretch the thread to the sides;
- Using light circular movements, pull out the tick. The extracted tick should not be crushed with nails and especially with fingers! If the embedded tick is infected, this is the surest way to become infected with encephalitis. Under no circumstances should you cut a tick with a knife, because... then you will use it to cut bread and possibly other foods. The bite site must be lubricated with brilliant green, iodine or alcohol as quickly as possible. Under no circumstances should you burn or cut the skin. It is imperative to consult a doctor after providing first aid to someone bitten by a tick. If you pull out a tick, still consult a doctor and take the tick with you!
TICK JAWS
Remember, after visiting the forest, a thorough examination of the entire body is necessary!!! Timely help from a doctor will save you from diseases caused by a tick bite. Thank you for your attention! Resources used- Pictures and photographs through the Yandex search network.
Conversation “Beware of ticks!”
Everyone is at risk!
Many are sure that in order to , you need to find yourself in a deep forest thicket. But this is not at all true - bloodsuckers live even in city parks. The likelihood of encountering ticks exists in 70 regions of Russia - this is about 80% of the entire territory of the country. .
Vectors of infections
Every several infections at once. Among them are such dangerous ones as:
Tick-borne encephalitis. The illness usually begins 7–14 days after the bite, but sometimes the incubation period is shorter or longer. The first symptoms of the disease: a sharp rise in temperature, chills, headache, nausea and vomiting. Then damage to the nervous system develops - paralysis, muscle atrophy - and breathing and heart problems. There is a risk of death.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever. It begins 1–14 days after a tick bite with a sharp rise in temperature, vomiting, and severe chills. After 2–4 days, hemorrhages appear on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of rashes, spots, and hematomas. Internal bleeding, abdominal pain, liver dysfunction, and jaundice are possible. The illness usually lasts 10–12 days, but those who recover from hemorrhagic fever remain exhausted for 1–2 months. The likelihood of death is high.
In addition to these infections, there are other diseases that are transmitted by ticks. There are frequent cases of mixed infection, when a tick transmits several diseases to a person at once with one bite.
Safety precautions
There are several ways to protect yourself from infections. However, the effectiveness of these funds is not the same.
Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination must be carried out in advance, several months before the start of the tick season. The vaccination has a number of contraindications, for example, it cannot be given to children under two years of age, and older children can only be vaccinated if they were absolutely healthy within a month before the procedure. The vaccine protects only against tick-borne encephalitis; it is powerless against other infections.
Aerosols repelling and poisoning ticks. toxic, have a short duration of action, lose effectiveness in wet and windy weather, and can cause allergic reactions.
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) thrives in an acidic environment (it survives even in gastric juice), and can also survive frozen for many years, but it cannot tolerate boiling - it dies in water heated to 100 degrees within 2-3 minutes.
An encounter with a tick does not always end in illness, if only because not every tick is infected with encephalitis. But if blood contact with an infected insect occurs, trouble cannot be avoided. The course of the disease can be different: from mild to extremely severe, depending on the type of virus and the state of the person’s immune system. But the main danger of encephalitis is its complications (noted in 30–80% of those who have been ill). The consequences of the illness can be a decrease in memory and intelligence, headaches, paralysis and even death (from 1–2% in the European form to 23–25% in the Far Eastern form of the disease).
Armed and very dangerous
Deciduous and mixed deciduous-coniferous forests with pronounced undergrowth and tall grass, floodplain meadows along river banks, shores of lakes and ponds, forest clearings and paths - many of us like to relax in all these picturesque places from spring to autumn. But it is there that from May to June and from August to September (2 peaks of disease activity) ixodid ticks hide, waiting to meet future victims.
This is who the real biological weapon is! Having drunk the blood of some sick animal, the tick remains infectious throughout its life (2-4 years), and besides, it also transmits the dangerous virus to its children and grandchildren. Infection most often occurs through a bite. Moreover, transmission of the virus can occur in the very first minutes of contact with a vampire. You can also get encephalitis if you accidentally crush an infected tick attached to your skin.
To ensure that an unwanted encounter with a tick does not occur, when going for a walk in the forest, follow the rules:
Baba Yaga from the famous fairy tale by Leonid Filatov quite correctly described the symptoms of the disease: “Everything stings and hurts, / And it’s burning like fire in my chest!.. / I have long suspected / I have encephalitis!..”
The incubation period lasts on average 1–2 weeks, but sometimes the disease develops the very next day after the bite or a month late. Usually the onset of the disease is acute, chills occur, and the temperature rises to 38–40 °C. Fever lasts from 2 to 10 days. A sharp headache, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, sleep disturbances, weakness in the arms and legs, numbness of the face and neck appear. However, the disease often occurs in mild, erased forms.
Know the enemy by sight!
The surest way to determine whether the disease has occurred or whether this time it’s okay is not to guess, but to take a blood test. The modern PCR method can detect infection, but not earlier than 10 days after the bite. In two weeks, a blood test for IgM and IgG antibodies to the tick-borne encephalitis virus will be informative. However, since the tick can cause not only encephalitis, but also the dangerous disease borreliosis, you need to be tested for it - tests will detect traces of the presence of this virus only three weeks after the bite.
If a tick attacked an unvaccinated adult or child and this happened in an endemic area (in Russia this is the Far East, Karelia, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Leningrad regions, etc.), then the victim is urgently administered “Human immunoglobulin against tick-borne encephalitis.” This measure is only effective for 96 hours after the bite.
Mandatory conditions for recovery are strict bed rest and a gentle diet. B vitamins and ascorbic acid help support the body's defenses.
Injection vs. bite
But the best protection against ticks is still vaccination. For example, in Austria, 95% of the population is vaccinated against this disease. As a result, only isolated cases of encephalitis have been reported in this country for many years.
Optimal immune protection against tick-borne encephalitis is achieved if the full course of vaccination is completed, regardless of the administration regimen. Vaccination should be carried out before tick activity begins. It is preferable to carry out the first and second vaccinations in winter or spring at intervals of one month. If necessary, vaccination is repeated in the summer. You can go out into nature no earlier than two weeks after the second vaccination.
Statistics
According to the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, in 2009, in 69 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, more than 500 thousand people suffered from tick bites, including 110 thousand children, went to medical institutions.